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Abstract
A total of 606 poultry, litter, eggs and humans samples were collected in the period April 2009 through March 2010 from different locations in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt. The samples were investigated in the Department of Hygiene, Management and Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Beni-Suef University for demonstrating the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry and man.
Poultry samples were gathered from 336 different poultry species including 245 chickens (142 broilers- 50 breeders- 53 layers), 43 ducks and 48 turkeys obtained from various poultry farms, poultry shops, farmers’ houses and street vendors. Besides, 30 litter samples representing the environment of the examined broilers (21), ducks (7) and turkeys (2) were obtained. On the other hand, 40 fertilized chicken eggs were taken from hatcheries as well as 60 table eggs (30 from each of farmers’ houses and supermarkets).
A total of 90 stool samples as well as 50 hand swabs were collected from diarrhoeic and apparently healthy persons including poultry farm workers, poultry shop workers, farmers, households and poultry handlers.
Trials for Salmonella isolation using the conventional culture methods were conducted on all poultry species, litter, eggs and human samples.
In the present work, 55 (9.07%) Salmonella isolates belonging to 5 serovars; S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, S. SaintPaul, S. Newport and S. Infantis; were serologically identified.
The highest level of Salmonella isolation in chickens was detected in broilers (17.61%) followed by breeders (10.0%) and layers (1.87%). Only S. Kentucky could be isolated from broilers, breeders and layers. Concerning the occurrence of S. Kentucky according to health status of the examined chickens, it accounted for 15.0%, 10.0% and 1.87% in apparently healthy broilers, breeders and layers respectively. On the other hand S. Kentucky recovered from diseased and dead broilers only at the percentage of 22.92% and 14.28% respectively.
The total occurrence of Salmonella spp. in ducks was accounting for 6.97%. The detected Salmonella spp. were S. Typhimurium (4.65%) and S. SaintPaul (2.32%). The total percentage isolation of Salmonella spp. according to health status of the examined ducks was 6.97%. The occurrence of Salmonella spp. in apparently healthy ducks were 11.11% representing 7.41% for S. Typhimurium and 3.70% for S. SaintPaul while no Salmonella organisms could be recovered from diseased ducks.
The isolation rate of Salmonella spp. from turkeys was 2.08% and S. Typhimurium was the only serovar that could be recovered. The occurrence of Salmonella spp. according to health status of the examined turkeys, it was found that 2.08% of apparently healthy turkeys harbored Salmonella while no Salmonella organisms could be recovered from diseased turkeys. Only S. Typhimurium could be isolated from turkeys at the rate of 2.77%.
from this study, it was clear that the isolation rate of Salmonella spp. varied according to bird species. It was isolated at percentages of 17.61%, 10.0%, 1.87%, 6.97% and 2.08% from broilers, breeders, layers, ducks and turkeys respectively. The overall percentage of various serotypes of Salmonella - compared to the total number of the different examined birds – was 9.23% for S. Kentucky, 0.89% for S. Typhimiurium and 0.29% for S. SaintPaul with a total rate of 10.41%.
Investigation of litter samples declared that the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in the examined litter was 38.10% in broilers’ litter and 28.57% in ducks’ litter while no Salmonella organisms could be recovered from turkeys’ litter. It was found that the detected Salmonella spp. were S. Kentucky (26.67%) in broilers’ litter and S. Typhimurium (6.67%) in ducks’ litter with total Salmonella spp. accounting for 33.33%. The obtained results revealed that S. Kentucky was the most prevalent serotype (26.67%) identified in litter samples.
The total occurrence of Salmonella spp. was 15.30, 9.30, 4.54 and 10.87% in poultry farms, poultry shops, farmer’s houses and street vendors respectively. Poultry farms, poultry shops and street vendors were harbored only S. Kentucky with a percentage of 15.30, 9.30 and 10.87% respectively. However the farmer’s houses were contaminated with 3 strains of Salmonella at the rate of 0.91, 2.73 and 0.91% for S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium and S. SaintPaul respectively.
Evaluation of eggs indicated that only S. Newport was detected in egg shell of table eggs with a percentage of 1.67%, while egg content of table eggs was negative for Salmonella. On the other hand no Salmonella organisms could be recovered from the examined fertilized eggs. The percentage isolation of Salmonella spp. from eggs in this study was 1.00%.
Examination of human samples declared that one stool sample (4.0%) from 25 outpatients (suffering from diarrhea) was Salmonella-positive which was identified as S. Infantis. On the other hand all stool samples from poultry contacts and non poultry contacts reacted negatively to all Salmonella spp. The detected Salmonella spp. in the total examined stool samples was S. Infantis (1.11%). However, 8 out of 50 hand swabs from poultry shop workers were Salmonella- positive. Moreover the detected Salmonella spp. in the total examined hand swabs was S. Kentucky (16.00%).
Occupational distribution of Salmonella positive humans indicated that Salmonella- positive cases were 1 housewife (6.67%) and 8 poultry shop workers (16.00%), while all farmers and poultry farm workers were free from Salmonella spp. The total occurrence of Salmonella spp. in the examined human samples was at the rate of 6.42%. The occurrence of Salmonella spp. in the total number of the examined humans accounted for 0.71% for S. Infantis and 5.71% for S. Kentucky with no other Salmonella spp. detected. Total Salmonella spp. isolation rate from the examined humans represented 6.42%.
The obtained results demonstrated that the occurrence of Salmonella spp. in Beni-Suef Governorate accounted for 10.41, 33.33, 1.00 and 6.42% in poultry species, litter, eggs and humans, respectively. Overall the data from the present study proved that Salmonella was present at all levels in poultry farms, poultry shops, farmer’s houses and street vendors, in all poultry species, poultry litters’, in eggs as well as in humans.
The epidemiological factors involved in poultry and human salmonellosis in Beni-Suef Governorate and the actions as well as measures that can be taken to increase the public concern were discussed.