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Abstract
Clinical observation of haemoprotozoal diseases revealed that, clinical signs of animals infected with Babesia bigemina showed clinical signs, fever 40 – 41 ºC, anorexia, cessation of rumination, increase heart and respiratory rates, congested mucous membrane then tend to be pale and general weakness. In sever cases occur haemoglobinuria and also death occur. Most of these animals infested with tick. Clinical signs of animals infected with Theileria annulata showed clinical signs, rise of temperature 40 – 41 ºC, enlargement of lymph node, anorexia, cessation of rumination, ocular discharge and general weakness. Small eruption on the skin of back, neck and shoulders were observed in 3 calves. Constipation was observed in some cases followed by blackish feces, frothy nasal discharge and corneal opacity and these cases ended by death. Clinical signs of animals infected with Anaplasma marginale in this study showed clinical signs, fever 40 – 41 ºC, progressive anemia, weakness, depression, anorexia, Jaundice and death in some cases.
Epidemiological situation of haemoprotozoal diseases among bovine population revealed that, out of (1251) animals examined for detection of Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale during October, 2007 until January, 2010. Number of infected animals with Babesia bigemina, Theileria annulata and Anaplasma marginale were 143, 32 and 33, respectively. The incidence rates were 11.43%, 2.55% and 2.63%, respectively.
Mixed infection between blood parasites appear between babesia bigemina and anaplasma marginale in 12 cases, babesia bigemina and theileria annulata in 5 cases.
The species and breed susceptibility of bovine haemoprotozoal diseases showed that, numbers of infected cattle were (169) from total number of cattle (840) representing 20.11%, Numbers of infected crossbred cattle with bovine haemoprotozoal diseases were (147) from total number of crossbred cattle (619) representing 23.74 %. Numbers of infected native baladi cattle with bovine haemoprotozoal diseases were (22) from total number of native baladi cattle (221) representing 9.95%. Numbers of infected Egyptian buffaloes with bovine haemoprotozoal diseases were (39) from total number of Egyptian buffaloes (411) representing 9.48 % as detected by blood and lymph node films. Numbers of infected cattle with Babesia bigemina were (112) from total number of cattle (840) representing 13.33 %. Numbers of infected crossbred cattle with Babesia bigemina were (98) from total number of crossbred cattle (619) representing 15.83 %. Numbers of infected native baladi cattle with Babesia bigemina were (14) from total number of native baladi cattle (221) representing 6.33 %. Numbers of infected Egyptian buffaloes with Babesia bigemina were (31) from total number of Egyptian buffaloes (411) representing 7.54 %. Numbers of infected cattle with Theileria annulata were (24) from total number of cattle (840) representing 2.85 %. Numbers of infected crossbred cattle with Theileria annulata were (18) from total number of crossbred cattle (619) representing 2.9 %. Numbers of infected native baladi cattle with Theileria annulata were (6) from total number of native baladi cattle (221) representing 2.7 %. Numbers of infected Egyptian buffaloes with Theileria annulata were (8) from total number of Egyptian buffaloes (411) representing 1.94 %. Numbers of infected cattle with Anaplasma marginale were (33) from total number of cattle (840) representing 3.9 %. Numbers of infected crossbred cattle with Anaplasma marginale were (31) from total number of crossbred cattle (619) representing 5 %. Numbers of infected native baladi cattle with Anaplasma marginale were (2) from total number of native baladi cattle (221) representing 0.9 %. Numbers of infected Egyptian buffaloes with Anaplasma marginale were zero.
The seasonal dynamic of bovine haemoprotozoal diseases showed that, the maximal infection rate was recorded during summer months where 131 animals were found to be infected representing infection rate 10.47% of the examined animals. 42, 20 and 15 animals were found to be infected with bovine blood parasites during spring, autumn and winter season respectively, representing infection rates 3.35%, 1.59% and 1.19% of the examined animals respectively. The seasonal incidence of Babesia bigemina revealed that, the maximal infection rate was recorded during summer months. The infection rates of clinical Babesia bigemina were 8.15% (102 animals), 1.7% (22 animals), 0.71% (9 animals) and 0.79% (10 animals) in summer, spring, autumn and winter season respectively, from total examined animals (1251). The seasonal incidence of Theileria annulata revealed that, the maximal infection rate was recorded during summer months. The infection rates of clinical Theileria annulata were 1.19% (15 animals), 0.87% (11 animals), 0.31% (4 animals) and 0.15% (2 animals) in summer, spring, autumn and winter season respectively, from total examined animals (1251). The seasonal incidence of Anaplasma marginale revealed that, the maximal infection rate was recorded during summer months. The infection rates of clinical Anaplasma marginale were 1.11% (14 animals), 0.71% (9 animals), 0.55% (7 animals) and 0.23% (3 animals) in summer, spring, autumn and winter season respectively, from total examined animals (1251).
The age susceptibility of bovine haemoprotozoal diseases showed that, the infection rates were 14.16%, 17.42% and 18.13% in age group 9 -12 month old, 1 - 2 years old and 2 -2.5 years old, respectively. The infection rates increased by increase the age incase of Babesia bigemina and Theileria annulata but different incase of Anaplasma marginale in which the infection rate increased in young ages. The age susceptibility of Babesia bigemina revealed that, the infection rate was low among young animals and increased above one year old. The infection rates of Babesia bigemina were 8.09%, 13.83 % and 8.24 % in age group 9 -12 month old, 1 - 2 years old and 2 -2.5 years old respectively. The age susceptibility of Theileria annulata revealed that, the infection rate was low among young animals and increased above one year old. The infection rates of Theileria annulata were 1.44%, 2.07% and 6.59% in age group 9 -12 month old, 1 - 2 years old and 2 -2.5 years old respectively. The age susceptibility of Anaplasma marginale revealed that, the infection rates of Anaplasma marginale were 4.62%, 1.52% and 3.29% in age group 9 -12 month old, 1 - 2 years old and 2 -2.5 years old respectively.
The case fatality from bovine haemoprotozoal diseases was 12.01%. Case fatality from Babesia bigemina was 5.59%. Case fatality from Theileria annulata was 18.75%. Case fatality from Anaplasma marginale was 33.33%.
Association between haemoprotozoal diseases and other infectious diseases are observed in our study.
The role of FMD in increase the infection rate of haemoprotozoal diseases revealed that, total numbers of examined animals 183, 85 of them infected with Foot and mouth disease, there were 72 of them are infected with haemoprotozoal diseases (51 B. bigemina and 21 A. marginale) and 13 negative haemoprotozoal diseases. The other 98 animal not infected with Foot and mouth disease, there were 17 of them are infected with haemoprotozoal diseases (7 B. bigemina and 10 A. marginale) and 81 negative haemoprotozoal diseases.
The role of LSD in increase the infection rate of haemoprotozoal diseases revealed that, total numbers of examined animals 77, 54 of them infected with Lumpy skin disease, there were 47 of them are infected with haemoprotozoal diseases (40 B. bigemina and 7 A. marginale) and 7 negative haemoprotozoal diseases. The other 23 animal not infected with Lumpy skin disease, there were 9 of them are infected with haemoprotozoal diseases (8 B. bigemina and 1 A. marginale) and 14 negative haemoprotozoal diseases.
The role of Ephemeral fever in increase the infection rate of haemoprotozoal diseases revealed that, total numbers of examined animals 42, 29 of them infected with Ephemeral fever, there were 17 of them are infected with haemoprotozoal diseases (14 B. bigemina and 3 T. annulata) and 12 negative haemoprotozoal diseases. The other 13 animal not infected with Ephemeral fever, there were 3 of them are infected with haemoprotozoal diseases (3 B. bigemina) and 10 negative haemoprotozoal diseases.
A successful treatment of 135 animals infected by Babesia bigemina was carried out by specific treatment, Imizol in a dose of 1 ml/100 kg b.wt. by S/C injection and supportive treatment Finadyne (flunixin meglumine, non steroidal anti-inflammatory) in a dose of 2 ml/50 kg by I/V or I/M route in 3 succesive days and Antoplex (vitamin B and iron) 10 ml per animal I/v or I/m twice weekly.
A successful treatment of 26 animals infected by Theileria annulata was carried out by specific treatment, Buparvaquone (Butalex) 2.5 mg/kg (1ml/20kg) I/M in sever cases 2 doses 48-72 hours apart are required and Chloruoquine phosphate (anti malarial drug)200 mg/ kg b.wt. i/m in one dose and supportive treatment Finadyne (flunixin meglumine, non steroidal anti-inflammatory) in a dose of 2 ml/50 kg by I/V or I/M route in 3 succesive days and Antoplex (vitamin B and iron) 10 ml per animal I/v or I/m twice weekly.
A successful treatment of 22 animals infected by Anaplasma marginale was carried out by Imizol in a dose of 2.5 ml/100kg b.wt. by S/C injection or oxytetracycline: Long acting tetracycline, at a dose of 20 mg/kg or short acting tetracycline, at dose of 10 mg/kg b.wt i.m for 2 to 3 days and supportive treatment Finadyne (flunixin meglumine, non steroidal anti-inflammatory) in a dose of 2 ml/50 kg by I/V or I/M route in 3 succesive days and Antoplex (vitamin B and iron) 10 ml per animal I/v or I/m twice weekly.
Babesia bigemina exoantigen vaccine prepared from infected RBCs with Babesia bigemina which confirmed by blood film and PCR.
Vaccination of fattening calves 1 year old with B. bigemina exoantigen vaccine combined with 2 mg saponin as adjuvant 2 doses with one month interval.The role of vaccination in the present study was to reduce the incidence of B. bigemina infection in immunized fattening animals than non immunized ones. The results showed that the humoral immune response of the vaccinated animals showed significant increase in antibody titers against B. bigemina at 21 days after 1st and 2nd dose of vaccination while no antibodies were present in the non vaccinated groups.
The results showed that the cell-mediated immune response of the vaccinated groups against B. bigemina increased more than the non vaccinated groups when measured 15 days after 1st and 2nd dose of vaccination using lymphocyte blastogenesis.
Immunization of cattle with B. bigemina exoantigen vaccine induces protection against virulent homologous challenge with b. bigemina infected RBCs. vaccinated animals elicit high antibody titer without showing any clinical signs if compared with control animals.
Antibody titers of vaccinated non challenged animals declined at 6 months post vaccination, so