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Abstract
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Sugar beet(Beta Vulgaris L) one of the most important sugar crops in the world. The contribution of beet sugar amount to about 28% of annual total world sugar production. In Egypt, beet sugar is considered the second crop for sugar production and about 38.32% of sugar is produced from sugar beet roots. The experiment was carried out at Delta sugar company during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 harvest seasons. The samples were harvested manually in the periods from 25 April to 10 June (the end of harvest season) and stored directly on open air. This time considered the bottle-nick because all farmer harvest their beets to allow for timely preparation of the land multi-croping.
The investigation was carried out to study the chemical deterioration, chemical and technological changes of sugar beet roots of two common cultivars, Pleno and Farida during storage after sprying by two chemical treatments, 10% Ca (OH)2 and 0.5% CH3COOH.
The results could be summarized as follows:
1- The chemical analysis concluded that fresh sugar beet roots of the two cultivars Pleno and Farida contained 75.69% to 78.66% moisture, 19.78% to 22.25% total soluble solids, 17.25% to 19.28% sucrose, 0.25% to 0.83% reducing sugar, 0.68% to 0.77% ash, 5.71 to 7.05 m. eq/100 gm beet potassium, 1.65 to 3.42 m.eqv/100 gm beet sodium and 1.19 to 2.56 m.eqv./100 gm beet -amino nitrogen.
2- The technological characteristics of two cultivars, determined under the same conditions of study ranged from 14.19% to 15.16% sucrose recovery, 3.06% to 4.12% sucrose loss in wastes, 86.13% to 87.89% juice purity, 78.63% to 82.96% quality and 6.51 to 6.67 pH of beet juice.
3- Increase in moisture losses was observed during storage under all treatments. The control sample and roots treated by 0.5%CH3COOH recorded the highest loss of moisture while roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 showed the lowest loss of moisture at the end of storage period.
4- The result revealed that , these was an increase in the total soluble solids was found during storage under all treatment. Control samples and roots treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the highest values of total soluble solids. Root treated with 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the lowest value of total soluble solids at the end of storage period.
5- On the other hand, a decrease in sucrose percentage was noticed in the two cultivars by use both chemical treatments. Roots treated by sprying of 10% Ca (OH)2 showed the highest values of sucrose percentage at the end of storage period. whereas, control sample and roots treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the least values of sucrose percentage.
6- The reducing sugar in the sugar beet roots increased in the two cultivars during the storage period. Samples stored after sprying of 10% Ca (OH)2 had the lowest increase in reducing sugar while, control samples and roots treated by 0.5% CH3COOH gave the highest increase at the end of storage period.
7- An increase in potassium content of sugar beet roots during storage for the two cultivars, under all chemical treatments. Roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded lower values than control samples and 0.5%CH3COOH treated roots.
8- The same trend of sodium content increased during storage of the cultivars under all chemical treatments. Roots treated by 10%Ca(OH)2 showed lower values than the others at the end of storage period.
9- An increase a-amino nitrogen was noticed during storage period in all samples. Generally, control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the highest values at the end of storage period compared with the roots sprying by 10% Ca (OH)2 treated samples. whereas, roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the lowest increase at the end of storage period.
10- Percentage of weight loss was highly increased during storage after treatment of roots with different chemical treatments. The use of 10% Ca (OH)2 of sprying solutions protect the roots against weight loss, the white color of lime reflects sun light on the outer layer of piled roots. Control samples and sample treated with 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the highest percentage of weight loss at the end of storage period as a result of the increase of moisture loss.
11- Sugar beet quality was decrease under all treatments. The roots treated by 10%Ca(OH)2 recorded the highest values of quality after 12 days of storage compared with the others treatments. Using of 10% Ca (OH)2 could be recommended because this treatment was easy to apply and had positive effect on other technological and chemical characteristics of sugar beet roots.
12- A decrease of sucrose recovery was noticed in all samples by prolonging the storage period. The roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the highest values of sucrose recovery during storage. The lowest values of sucrose recovery were recorded by the control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH.
13- Sucrose loss in the wastes of sugar beet roots increased as a result of the increase in a-amino nitrogen, sodium and potassium. The best treatments which gave the least value of sucrose loss at the end of storage periods were 10% Ca (OH)2. control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH gave the highest values of sucrose loss at the end of storage periods.
14- The relative percentage of juice purity decreased in all cultivars under all treatments during storage periods as a result of the decrease of sucrose content. Roots treated by 10% Ca(OH)2 recorded the highest values of juice purity of the end of storage periods, while control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH had the least values.
15- The pH of sugar beet juice clearly decrease at the end of storage period as a result of degradation of sucrose by enzymes to glucose and fructose which subsequently decomposes into organic acids and colorant compounds, causing a decrease in pH, which inturn increase the rate of inversion. Control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the least values of pH, while roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the highest values of pH at the end of storage period.
16- Highly increase in dextran levels on sugar beet roots of the two cultivars Pleno and Farida were noticed during storage in all samples. Control samples of the two cultivars recorded the highest levels of dextran control reached to (417.3 and 447.8 ppm/Brix) for Pleno cultivar after 9 days of storage and (407.1 and 315.9 ppm/Birx) respectively after 12 days and 9 days of storage for Farida cultivar. Also samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded highest values of dextran content for the two cultivars after 9 days of storage. Ranged from (391.8 ppm/Brix to 448.7 ppm/Brix) for the two cultivars. While samples treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 gave the lowest levels of dextran ranged from (261.6 ppm/Brix to 316.5 ppm/Brix) for the two cultivars at the 9 days of storage. In most samples the dextran levels decreased after 9 days to 12 days (the end of storage) these may be due to increase the rate of deterioration of beet roots.
17- An increase in apparent sucrose after harvesting and before processing by (wet weight) due to analysis of sucrose by respiration to invert sugar or by presence of major microbiological to form poly saccharides that are polymer of glucose units such as dextran. Dextran, glucose and raffinose all this compounds presence with sucrose in the polariscope in the laboratory, and strongly dextrorotatory which rotates the plane of polarized light to the right. As the same effect of sucrose and so that increase the apparent sucrose but reduce the actual sucrose recovery of factory and this is a factory problem.
18- Application of the Egyptian formula on beet values based on average chemical analysis of sugar beet roots during storage periods to predict sugar recovery (mRS) % on beet and sucrose losses in wastes (mMS)% on beet . The results gave a good agreement and acceptable between the predicted and actual values of sugar recovery and sucrose losses.
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
Sugar beet(Beta Vulgaris L) one of the most important sugar crops in the world. The contribution of beet sugar amount to about 28% of annual total world sugar production. In Egypt, beet sugar is considered the second crop for sugar production and about 38.32% of sugar is produced from sugar beet roots. The experiment was carried out at Delta sugar company during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 harvest seasons. The samples were harvested manually in the periods from 25 April to 10 June (the end of harvest season) and stored directly on open air. This time considered the bottle-nick because all farmer harvest their beets to allow for timely preparation of the land multi-croping.
The investigation was carried out to study the chemical deterioration, chemical and technological changes of sugar beet roots of two common cultivars, Pleno and Farida during storage after sprying by two chemical treatments, 10% Ca (OH)2 and 0.5% CH3COOH.
The results could be summarized as follows:
1- The chemical analysis concluded that fresh sugar beet roots of the two cultivars Pleno and Farida contained 75.69% to 78.66% moisture, 19.78% to 22.25% total soluble solids, 17.25% to 19.28% sucrose, 0.25% to 0.83% reducing sugar, 0.68% to 0.77% ash, 5.71 to 7.05 m. eq/100 gm beet potassium, 1.65 to 3.42 m.eqv/100 gm beet sodium and 1.19 to 2.56 m.eqv./100 gm beet -amino nitrogen.
2- The technological characteristics of two cultivars, determined under the same conditions of study ranged from 14.19% to 15.16% sucrose recovery, 3.06% to 4.12% sucrose loss in wastes, 86.13% to 87.89% juice purity, 78.63% to 82.96% quality and 6.51 to 6.67 pH of beet juice.
3- Increase in moisture losses was observed during storage under all treatments. The control sample and roots treated by 0.5%CH3COOH recorded the highest loss of moisture while roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 showed the lowest loss of moisture at the end of storage period.
4- The result revealed that , these was an increase in the total soluble solids was found during storage under all treatment. Control samples and roots treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the highest values of total soluble solids. Root treated with 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the lowest value of total soluble solids at the end of storage period.
5- On the other hand, a decrease in sucrose percentage was noticed in the two cultivars by use both chemical treatments. Roots treated by sprying of 10% Ca (OH)2 showed the highest values of sucrose percentage at the end of storage period. whereas, control sample and roots treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the least values of sucrose percentage.
6- The reducing sugar in the sugar beet roots increased in the two cultivars during the storage period. Samples stored after sprying of 10% Ca (OH)2 had the lowest increase in reducing sugar while, control samples and roots treated by 0.5% CH3COOH gave the highest increase at the end of storage period.
7- An increase in potassium content of sugar beet roots during storage for the two cultivars, under all chemical treatments. Roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded lower values than control samples and 0.5%CH3COOH treated roots.
8- The same trend of sodium content increased during storage of the cultivars under all chemical treatments. Roots treated by 10%Ca(OH)2 showed lower values than the others at the end of storage period.
9- An increase a-amino nitrogen was noticed during storage period in all samples. Generally, control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the highest values at the end of storage period compared with the roots sprying by 10% Ca (OH)2 treated samples. whereas, roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the lowest increase at the end of storage period.
10- Percentage of weight loss was highly increased during storage after treatment of roots with different chemical treatments. The use of 10% Ca (OH)2 of sprying solutions protect the roots against weight loss, the white color of lime reflects sun light on the outer layer of piled roots. Control samples and sample treated with 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the highest percentage of weight loss at the end of storage period as a result of the increase of moisture loss.
11- Sugar beet quality was decrease under all treatments. The roots treated by 10%Ca(OH)2 recorded the highest values of quality after 12 days of storage compared with the others treatments. Using of 10% Ca (OH)2 could be recommended because this treatment was easy to apply and had positive effect on other technological and chemical characteristics of sugar beet roots.
12- A decrease of sucrose recovery was noticed in all samples by prolonging the storage period. The roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the highest values of sucrose recovery during storage. The lowest values of sucrose recovery were recorded by the control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH.
13- Sucrose loss in the wastes of sugar beet roots increased as a result of the increase in a-amino nitrogen, sodium and potassium. The best treatments which gave the least value of sucrose loss at the end of storage periods were 10% Ca (OH)2. control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH gave the highest values of sucrose loss at the end of storage periods.
14- The relative percentage of juice purity decreased in all cultivars under all treatments during storage periods as a result of the decrease of sucrose content. Roots treated by 10% Ca(OH)2 recorded the highest values of juice purity of the end of storage periods, while control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH had the least values.
15- The pH of sugar beet juice clearly decrease at the end of storage period as a result of degradation of sucrose by enzymes to glucose and fructose which subsequently decomposes into organic acids and colorant compounds, causing a decrease in pH, which inturn increase the rate of inversion. Control samples and samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded the least values of pH, while roots treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 recorded the highest values of pH at the end of storage period.
16- Highly increase in dextran levels on sugar beet roots of the two cultivars Pleno and Farida were noticed during storage in all samples. Control samples of the two cultivars recorded the highest levels of dextran control reached to (417.3 and 447.8 ppm/Brix) for Pleno cultivar after 9 days of storage and (407.1 and 315.9 ppm/Birx) respectively after 12 days and 9 days of storage for Farida cultivar. Also samples treated by 0.5% CH3COOH recorded highest values of dextran content for the two cultivars after 9 days of storage. Ranged from (391.8 ppm/Brix to 448.7 ppm/Brix) for the two cultivars. While samples treated by 10% Ca (OH)2 gave the lowest levels of dextran ranged from (261.6 ppm/Brix to 316.5 ppm/Brix) for the two cultivars at the 9 days of storage. In most samples the dextran levels decreased after 9 days to 12 days (the end of storage) these may be due to increase the rate of deterioration of beet roots.
17- An increase in apparent sucrose after harvesting and before processing by (wet weight) due to analysis of sucrose by respiration to invert sugar or by presence of major microbiological to form poly saccharides that are polymer of glucose units such as dextran. Dextran, glucose and raffinose all this compounds presence with sucrose in the polariscope in the laboratory, and strongly dextrorotatory which rotates the plane of polarized light to the right. As the same effect of sucrose and so that increase the apparent sucrose but reduce the actual sucrose recovery of factory and this is a factory problem.
18- Application of the Egyptian formula on beet values based on average chemical analysis of sugar beet roots during storage periods to predict sugar recovery (mRS) % on beet and sucrose losses in wastes (mMS)% on beet . The results gave a good agreement and acceptable between the predicted and actual values of sugar recovery and sucrose losses.