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Abstract
Obesity is usually defined by an indirect measure of body fat, the body.mass index (weight (kg)/ (height (m)2), The World Health Organization defines overweight as a body mass index of 25.0-29.9 and obesity as a
body mass index 30.Obesity can he classified in several ways, including the anatomic Characteristics of adipose tissue, the age at onset of obesity and etiologic factors.Although overeating is the usual cause of obesity, other factors may participate; Physical activity clearly modulates overall caloric balance and obese individuals tend to be less active. Decrease caloric expenditure and metabolic abnormalities associated with over efficient caloric utilization have been postulated to be involved in the pathogenesis of obesity.Genetics may contribute as much as 25% to 40% to development of obesity. Unfortunately, we don’t know how genes make us fat or thin.Some genes could affect parts of the brain that control appetite and the feeling of having eaten enough; others may determine how the body conserves or burns up Calories. Certain genes may even boost the effects of outside factors, such as a high fat diet.Seveal drugs can lead to an increase in body weight as cyproheptadine which increases food intake without alteration in metabolism. Lithium therapy has been reported to be associated with weight gain.The global prevalence of overweight was 3.3%.Eastern Mediterranean countries, however, shoed the highest prevalence of overweight, ranging from 3.1% to 9.0%. The prevalence of overweight continues to increase in the Region during the school age and adolescent stages. The World Health organization reported that BMI begins to increase rapidly after a period of reduced adiposity during the preschool years; women in Egypt have the highest proportion of overweight (16.7%), as well as the highest proportion of obesity (48.5%).Obesity is associated with increased mortality rate and risk factors such as hypertension. Hyperlipidemia, and diabetes mellitus.Overweight and obesity lead to adverse metabolic effects on blood pressure, cholesterol, triglycerides, and insulin resistance. The non-fatal, but debilitating health problems associated with obesity include respiratory difficulties, chronic musculoskeletal problems, skin problems, and infertility. The more life-threatening problems fall into four main areas: CVD problems; conditions associated with insulin resistance such as type 2 diabetes; certain types of cancers, especially the hormonally related and large-bowel cancers; and gallbladder disease.Assessment of the overweight or obese person should begin with a careful history and physical examination. The patient’s weight history from childhood should be reviewed, including various methods of weight of weight loss that have been attempted and the results of each attempt.Activity level dietary history should also reviewed.