الفهرس 
Liver anatomyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Acute liver injury is initiated by xenobiotics bioactivation to chemically reactive metabolites, which have the ability to interact with cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, leading to protein dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress. Such impairment of cellular function can culminate in cell death and possible liver failure (Holt and Ju, 2006).
Chemicals that cause liver injury are called hepatotoxins often cause subclinical injury to liver which manifests only as abnormal liver function tests. Drug induced liver injury is responsible for 5% of all hospital admissions and 50% of all acute liver failures (Ostapowicz et. al., 2002).
DDB is a synthetic analogue of schiazandrin C, one of compounds isolated from Fructus schiazandrae, which is a traditional Chinese medicine (Kim et. al., 1999). Experimental evidence suggests that DDB has hepatoprotective abilities and functions as a potent antioxidant and have been used clinically in the treatment of chronic viral and chemically induced hepatitis (Ip et. al., 2000).
Curcumin is known as hepatoprotective agent against various toxins. It protects animal livers from a variety of hepatotoxic substances, including carbon tetrachloride, (Deshpande et al., 1998) galactosamine, (Kiso et al., 1983) and acetaminophen (Donatus and Vermeulen, 1990). It has been shown to have antitumor, (Aggarwal and Shishodia, 2006), antioxidant, antiarthritic, anti-amyloid and anti-inflammatory properties (Stix, 2007). Its anti-inflammatory properties may be due to inhibition of eicosanoid biosynthesis (Srivastava et al., 1995).
Licorice is a major component of licorice root, is an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compound isolated from glycyrrhiza glabra (Francischetti et al., 1997). It has been shown to have a direct hepatoprotective effect in vitro and in vivo animal studies (Scott, 1999). Glycyrhhiza flavonoids provided protection to hepatocytes exposed to carbon tetrachloride (Wang and Han, 1993) and galactosamine (Kiso et al., 1984). Licorice constituents also exhibit hepatoprotective activity evidenced by lowering serum liver enzyme levels and improving tissue pathology in hepatitis patients (Van Rossum et al., 2001).