الفهرس 
I- EpidemiologyOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 16 |  |  |
| | | from | 16 | | |
Abstract
The identification of markers to distinguish between normal cells, tumorigenic cells and different stages of cancer is of critical importance for cancer diagnosis and prognosis.At present, there are no established circulating tumor markers available for clinical use in the determination of cancer susceptibility, screening and diagnosis. Tumor markers currently available lack sensitivity for early cancer detection and specificity for malignancy; therefore, there is a continuing quest to identify a more sensitive and accurate circulating marker specific or applicable for a range of human cancers.Breast cancer mortality is increasingly linked to early metastases, which are often occult at the time of primary diagnosis. Because undetected micrometastases can contribute to the failure of primary treatment, their identification may have a substantial impact on prognosis and treatment choice for these patients. Thus, improved direct identification of these occult metastases in blood offers a critical opportunity to optimize management of breast cancer patients.Mammaglobin is a glycoprotein detected only in the mammary gland and is overexpressed in a high percentage of human breast cancers. Its expression seems to be related to progression fromlocalized to locally advanced and metastatic disease.BORIS expression pattern is restricted to testis and normally BORIS is not present in females. BORIS has been found to be aberrantly activated in various human cancersk including female cancers such as uterine and breast tumors. BORIS therefore represents a novel member of the cancer-testis antigen gene family that comprises genes normally detected only in testis but aberrantly activated in different malignancies.The major goal of this work was to study some novel tumour makers in breast cancer
patients as targets for the detection of occult tumor cells circulating in patients’ blood and the possibility to use some of them as early marker of tumorigenesis.