الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried aiming to find out convenient
control measures agai.nst the drywood termi.te, Cryptotermes brevis in
order to minimize, as for as possible, the extensive use of chemical
insecticides.
In laboratory bioassay experiments were carried out on C.
brevis large nymphs by using:
1-1- Bioinsecticide (MVPIO, LG.L (Cascade) and their mixture
1-1-1- Bioinsecticide treatment
The corrected mortality percentages increased by increasing
bioinsecticidal concentrations ranged from 20.00 to 80.00 % (3
weeks), 26.67 to 86.67 % (4 weeks) and 33.33 to 86.67 % (5 weeks)
at th e cone entratiIOn 0fit 0 32 x 104p.p.me respectively. The LCso
d th
values were 5.65, 4.30 and 3.42 x 10’ p.p.m. for 3 r ’ 4th and 5
week, respectively. A negative relationship between applied
concentration of MVPii and LT50 values, these values were 7.30,
6.46 and 4.22 weeks by using the concentration of 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 x
10’ p.p.m., respectively.
1-1-2- Insect Growth Inhibitor treatment:
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from23.33 to 86.67
% (3 weeks), 33.33 to 90.00 % (4 weeks) and 43.33 to 93.33 % (5
weeks) by using concentrations 5 to 160 p.p.m., respectively. The
rd 4th and 5th
LC50 values were 23.22, 16.62 and 9.96 p.p.m. for the 3 ’
week, respectively. A negative relationship appeared between the
applied concentrations of Cascade and the LT50 values, these values
were 5.73, 4.40, 2.89 and 1.63 weeks at the concentration of5, 10,
20 and 40 p.p.m., respectively.
1-1-3- Combination treatment:
The combined effects of MVPO concentration contained with
LCIO • of Cascade. The corrected mortality percentages among C
brevis .
large nymphs were 26.67, 43.33, 50.00, 66.67, 76.67 and
83.33 % after 3 weeks; 26.67, 46.67, 53.33, 73.33, 80.00 and 83.33
% after4 weeks and 36.67, 53.33,63.33, 83.33, 86.67 and 90.00 %
after 5 weeks at concentration of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 32 103 +LC x p.p.m.
10 (4.64 p.p.m.) of Cascade. Two methods were followed to
determine the combined effect:
First method by determining the LC 1 hi h h 3 4
50 va ue, w It er t ey were . ,
3.25 and 1.92 x 103
+ 4.64 p.p.m. after 3, 4 and 5 weeks,
respectively. These mortality percentages were higher than those
recorded by using each of the bioinsecticide or I.G.R. alone.
Second method: treatment of C. brevis large nymphs with
combination at low concentration of 1, 2 and 4 xl 0 3 (MVP
p.p.m. H)
+ 4.64 p.p.m. (Cascade) .The co-toxicity factor were + 29.91, +
25.12 and + 21.07,respectively indicating potentiative effect, while.
The higher concentrations of MVPII of 8.16 and 32 xl0 3
LC p.p.m. +
10 of Cascade. The Co-toxicity factor values were + 15, + 7.40
and + 2.50, respectively, indicating additive effects.ISO
The LT50 values were 6.06, 3.97 and 2.90 weeks in mixing different
concentrations oft , 2 and 4 x 10 3 p.p.m.o fMVP + r.co of
Cascade, respectively.
1- 2- Inorganic compounds; Zinc chloride, Copper suphate, Borax and
Boric acid:
1-2-1- Zinc chloride treatment:
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from 16.67 to 80.00
%,23.33 to 86.67 % and 26.67 to 93.33 % for the 3’rd 4th and s”week .
The LC50 values were 4.11, 2.33 and 1.67 x10 4 pp..m . for the 3 td, 4th
d 5th week, respectively. While the LT50 values were 5.49, 3.99, 2.69
m 4
and 1.75 weeks by using concentration of 1,2,4 and 8 x 10 p.p.m.,
respectively.
1-2-2- Copper sulphate treatment:
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from 20.0 to 83.33 %,
rd 4 th and 5 th week
26.67 to 90.0 % and 36.67 to 93.33 % for the 3 ’ ’
4
respec tirve1y, the LC 50 values were 2.50, 1.72 and 1.26 x 10 p.p.m.
respec tirve1y, th e LT 50 values were 6.53, 4.90, 3.08, 2.05 and 1.42
4
weeks at the concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8 x 10 p.p.m.,
respectively.
1-2-3- Borax treatment:
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from 23.33 to 86.67
td 4th and 5 th week
%, 30 to 90 % and 43.33 to 93.33 % for the 3 ’ ’
respectively, the LC 50values were 1.99, 1.39 and 0.92 x 10
4
p.p.m. for
the 3 rd 4 thand 5 th .
, week, respectively, the LT 50 va 1ues were 60. 4 , 4.12,
2.51, 1.88 and 1.15 weeks at the concentrations of 0.5, 1,2,4 and 8 x
104
p.p.m., respectiv. e 1y.
1-2-4- Boric acid treatment:
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from 30 to 100 %,
43.33 to 100 % and 53.33 to 100 % for the 3rd 4th d 5 th
, an week
respectively. The LC50 va1ues were 1.32, 06. 8 ,.055 X 104 -C’. th ’
3rd h d h p.p.m. lor e
,4t an 5 t wee k,respec t’rve 1y. The LT 50 1 443 285 d va ues were . ,. an
1.37 weeks by using the concentrations of 0.5, 1 and 2 x 104 p.p.m.
1-3- Petroleum oil fractions: CAPL M d CAM
j, asrona an ”
1-3-1- CAPL[ treatment
The corrected mortality percentages were ranged from 23.33 to
86.67 %, 26.67 to 86.67 %, 33 to 90 % and 36.67 to 93.33 % for the 4th
5th 6th d 7th ’ , an week, respectively, the LC50 were 3.83, 3.12,2.43 and
2.05 x 104 p.p.m. for the 4th 5th d 7th .
, an week, respectively, the LT 50
values were 10.07, 6.33, 4.00, 2.75, 2.73 and 1.39 weeks at the
concentration of 1, 2, 4, 8 ,16 and 32 x 10 4p.p.m., respec tirve 1y.
1-3-2- Masrona oil treatment
The corrected mortality percentages were ranged from 26.33 to
86.67 %, 30 to 90 %, 33.33 to 93.33 % and 36.67 to 93.33 % for the 4th
~h’6Oi and 7th. ’ week, respectively, the LC 50 va1ues were 3.13, 25. 0 , 1.96
and 1.69 x 104REC... for the 4th Dth 6’h d 7th .
, an week, respectively, the
LTsO values were 8.71, 5.35, 3.15,2 and 1.43 weeks at the
concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 x 104 p.p.m., respectively.
1-3-3- CAPLii treatment
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from 33.33 to 86.67
%, and from 36.67 to 90 % and from 40 to 93.33 % and 43.33 to 93.33
o th s” d 7th week respectively the LCsO values were oA for the 4 ,5, an ,
4 th s” 6th and ih 2.44, 1.97, 1.61 and I.S6 xl0 p.p.m. for the 4, , week ’
respec tilve 1y, th e LT s0 values were 8.20,4.83,2.87, 1.83 and 1.34
weeks at the concentrations of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 x 10 4 p.p.m-,
respectively.
1-4- Plant extracts: dry Ambrroosszia marz.tz.me, Neem ’ fresh Ambrosia
maritime and Eucalyptus globulus
1-4-1- Dry A. maritime extract treatment
The corrected mortality percentages were ranged from13.33 to
76.67 %, 16.67 to 80 %, 23.33 to 83.33 %,26.67 to 86.67 % and 30 to
86.67 % for the 3s, 4th 5th, 6th and 7th week, respectively. The LCSO
values were 9.90 and 9.59 x 10 3 p.p.m. arftter th e 3 rd and 4 th week,
respectively, the LTSO values were 11.6, 7.8S, 4.36 and 2.24 weeks at
concentrations of6 , 8, 10 and 12 x 103 p.p.m. respectiv. e 1y.
1-4-2- Neem extract treatment:
The mortality percentages ranged from 16.67 to 76.67 %, from 20
to 83.33 %, from 23.33 to 86.67 %, from 26.67 to 9 % and from 33.33
93 33 £ h 3 to . or t e s, 4th ’ Sth, 6th and 7 th week, respectively. The LC sO
values were 9.26 and 8.74 x 103 p.p.m. for the 3 rdand 4ffi k
respectrv. e 1y, the LT wee
50 values were 8.17, 5.94,4.03 and 1.71 weeks at
concentrations of 4, 6, 8 and lOx 10 3p.p.m. respec tirve1y.
1-4-3-FreshA . man ’tzime extract treatment
The percentages of mortality ranged from 20 to 83.33 % and
from 23.33 to 83.33 % at the 3’d and 4th week, respectively, the LCso
values were 8.15 and 7.86 x 103 -C. h 3 d d 4p.p.m. Lor t e r s an ffi 1 week
respectively. The LT ’
50 values were 14.93, 8.07, 3.98 and 2.28 weeks at
concentrations of 4, 6, 8 and 10 xl 03 p.p.m., respec tirve 1y.
1-4-4- Eucalyptus extract treatment
The corrected mortality percentages ranged from 33.33 to 93.33
% and from 40 to 96.67 % at the 3rd and4ht wee k,respectIv·e1 y, LC 50
values were 7.01 and 6.09 x 103 tth 3rd th p.p.m. a e and 4 week
respectively the LT ’
, 50 values were 3.82, 3.14 and 2.34 weeks at the
concentrations of 4,6 and 8 x 103p.p.m., respec tirve 1y.
II- The effect of heating and freezing :
II-1- Effect of heating:
The Cryptotermes brevis large nymphs were exposed to
different degrees of temperature 50, 60 and 70 ’C.cLor certai.n peno. d f 0
exposure 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 min. within wooden blocks. Mortality
percentages were recorded after 48 hours. Results indicated that the
percentages of mortality ranged from 20 to 100 %, 26.67 to 100 % and
36.67 to 100 % at 50, 60 and 70 ’c and the exposure time from 30 t034
min., respectively.
11-2- Effect of freezing:
C brevis large nymphs exposed to -18°C for 30, 31, 32, 33 and
34 min., mortality percentages after 48 hours from freezing treatment
were 26.67, 46.67, 60, 83.33 and 100 %, respectively.
As the exposure time increased for heating or freezing the percentages
mortality increased.
11-3- Effect of heating at different degree of temperature followed
by cooling at 0 °C for 40 min.:
Nymphs of C brevis were exposed to 50, 60 and 70°C at
different time of exposure 30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 followed by cooling at
o °C, for 40 min., the mortality percentages ranged from 23.33 to 100
% at 50°C, 26.67 to 100 % at 60 °C and from 33.33 to 100 % at 70°C
at 30 -34 min., respectively. Results obtained indicated that a
significant differences between degree of temperature (50, 60 and 70
°C) at any time of exposure.
11-4- Effect of freezing at 0 °C followed by heating at different
degrees:
Nymphs of C brevis were treated at 0 C for different time of
exposure (30, 31, 32, 33 and 34 min.) then exposed to heating at 50, 60
and 70 ’C, there were significant differences between time of freezing,
exposure time and percentages mortality at any degree of heating.
III-Relative susceptibility of certain wood species to C b .
. revzs attack
Different wood species were evaluated for their susceptibility to
infestation by C brevis .. . . . . The cntena used for this evaluation was the
rate of wood consumption based on the weight loss of the more
susceptible wood species, Mirbeck’s oak /. . \Quercus mir b kii) ec it)
consequently the overall resistance or susceptibility was easily
calculated for each species of wood.
Among the 16 local and imported wood species, 4 species were
more susceptible with a rate (from 0.77 to I); Mirbeck’s oak and
common larch appeared clearly the most susceptible of this group.
White 3 species indicating susceptible with a rate from 0.5 to 0.53
White mulberry, Weeping yellow and Blackwood had equal response
to C b . . revzs. as for the resistant group (from 0.30 to 0.35) which were
presented by 4 wood species Lebeck appeared clearly as the wood
(Eucalyptus) showed the highest resistant of this group. While the
remaining 5 wood species in descending order from Whit poplar,
Mahogani, Cypress, Khaya and the common bamboo which was the
more resistant of all wood to be tested.
III-Delayed effect ofbioagents, Inorganic compounds, Petroleum
oil and Plant extracts
I- Delayed effects of bioagents (MVP C d d th . 11, asca e an err
mixture)
Remained females of drywood termite resulted from mixture treatment
(MVP” + LC 10 Cascade) deposited fewer number of eggs than those
resulted from treatment of MVP or Cascade separately. A positive
relationship could be observed between the incubation period of eggs
and the applied concentrations. Lowest incubation periods ranged from
58 to 66 days in case of Cascade treatment at concentrations of 5 and
20 p.p.m., respectively. In general the mixture had supervisor effect on
deposited eggs, incubation period and hatchability in comparison with
Cascade and MVP, 1 separately.
2- Delayed effects of Inorganic compounds (Zinc chloride, Copper
sulphate, Borax and Boric acid)
It could be generally concluded that a negative relationship could be
detected between the deposited eggs and the applied concentrations.
Boric acid treatment induced the fewer numbers of deposited eggs
4
(46 and 42 eggs/ female) at concentrations of 0.5 and 1 x 10
p.p.m., respectively. Also this treatment induced the highest periods
4
of incubation and ranged from 57 to 66 days at 0.5 and 1 x 10
p.p.m., respectively. Generally, in all treatments of Inorganic
compounds the incubation period of eggs increased as the applied
concentration increased. The effect of Inorganic compounds on the
percentages of hatchability induced inversely relationship between
the applied concentrations and these percentages. The lowest
percentages were 76 and 74 % resulted from Boric acid treatment at
0.5 and 1 x 104 p.p.m., respectr.ve 1y.
SUMMARY
3- Delayed effect of petroleum oils (CAPL
E, Masrona and CAPLl1)
The number of deposited eggs / Female affected by petroleum oils
treatment and decreased by increasing the applied concentrations.
CAPLI
, induced the highest effect (75 and 61 eggs / female) at a
concentration of 1 and 2 x 104
p.p.m. respectively. Concerning the
incubation periods, Masrona treatment induced the highest effect
with range from 50 to 60 days at I and 2 x 10 4 .
p.p.m., respectively.
As for the percentages of hatchability of the deposited eggs, CAPLI
treatment induced a range from 75 to 80 days at concentration of 1,
2,4 and 8 x 104 p.p.m., respectively.
4- Delayed effect of plant extracts (Dry A b .
m rosia, Neem, fresh
Ambrosia and Eucalyptus)
An inversely relationship between the number of eggs laid / female
and the different applied concentrations of all treatments. The
lowest number of deposited eggs detected in E I t uca yp us treatment
was 72 eggs / female at the concentration of 4 x 103 p.p.m.A
positive relationship could be detected between the applied
concentrations and the incubation period. The longest period could
be observed in Eucalyptus
treatment and ranged from 52 to58 days
at 4 x 103
p.p.m. concerning the percentages of hatchability; the
highest effect was 70 % at 4 xI03 ppm in E I . .. uca yptus treatment.
Generally in all treatments of plant extracts the percentages of
hatchability were greatly reduced.