الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
The price policy is considered an important part of
economic policy as well as the agricultural policy. It aims at
reduce fluctuations of prices and incomes, and to insure necessary
production for local consumption and export.
The agricultural price policy in Egypt can be conside
red a partial policy where it deals with every crop separately.
Such policy depends on a full cost production approach in determining
the farm prices. The fdna prices is equal to the total
cost plus the rent value of land and discounting the value of
the by-products, then it divided by the crop yield. This method
neglect the demand side and its remarkable effects on farm
prices.
The price policy is its preceeding approach leads to
disequilibrium between the local and world prices, The farm
prices donlt interact with the rate of inflation in the Egyptian
economy which amount to 16 percent. The policy contribute in
farmers evasion from planting the required crops that are planned
by the Ministry of Agriculture and from delivering the quotas
to state preferring to pay the fines.
This study aims at analyze the Egyptian agricultural
price policy and measure the economic effects of the governmental
intervention in agricultural pricing on producers and consumers
welfare and on the government revenue. The study also aims at
recognize the effect of alternative pricing policies on allocating
the agricultural resources.
The study contains five chapters beside the introduction
and summary, the first chapter dea1s ~ith the re1atiOns
hi
p
between agriculture and the economy, the second chapter concerned
with the historical evolution of agricultural price policy during
the period (1914-86\, while the third chapter concentrates on
the different pricing a1ternatives, the fourth chapter care of
the economic effects of the governmental intervention in the
agricu1tural price policy, finally the fifth chapter examine the
role of agricultural prices in directing the agricultural production.
f\qriclllture and the econo~Y:
This part examined the relative importance of agriculture
in the economy, the study showed that the agriculture’s shar.
of national income decreased from 32 percent in (1976/68) to 19
percent in (1983/84). The agricultural employment has also decreased
from 50 percent in (1967/681 to 34 percent in \1983/84\ of
the total employment. As for foriegn trade, agricultural exports
comprised about 77 percent of that total exports in 1968 and
about 20 percent in 1983, ~hile agricultura1 imports reached
22.4 percent and about 10.5 percent of the total imports in 1968
and 1983 respectivelY. As for agricultural expenditures, the
study indicated that the agriculture’s has decreased from 6.5
percent of tota1 current expenditures in \1970/71) to 3.5 percent
of that total in (1986/87\, The ~ages represented about 39 and
.78 percent of agricultural current expenditures in \1970/71\ and
(1986/87\ respectively, but the share of agriculture amounted
to 6.5 percent of total capital expenditures in (1970/71) and
7.7 percent of that total in (1966/87). The expenditures elasticity
of agriculture reached about 0.77 and 0.59. computed in
current prices-by using linear and log mathematical models respectively,
but reached about 1.2 as a capital expenditure by
using the same models. The study showed that the agricultural
subsidy represented about 11 percent of the total subsidies as
average during the period (1970/71-1986/67). By using leontief’s
table, the stud~ indicated that the value of agricultural inputs
is estimated at L.E 1620 millions while the value of agricultural
outputs amounted to L.E. 6407 millions and the added-value for
agricultural sector amounted to L.E. 4578 millions.
The historical evolution of a ricultural olicy:
The study showed that the price policy for agricultural
crops has passed three stages; the first stage is from 1914 to
1952, in this stage the farm prices has strong; fluctuations and
there was no determined agricultural price policy. The economic
policy contained some legislations to put upper limit on the
cultivated area of cotton to prevent it prices from depression,
and to put lower limit on the cultivated area of cereals, especially
wheat and barely, to satisfy a part of domestic consumption
particularly during the world wars. Other legislations
aimed at determining prices of some consumption goods. The
second stage is from 1952 to 1962, in this period cotton prices
decreased and the inventory increased, therefore the government
continued to put upper limit on the cultivated area and canceled
the contracters stock ~arket in Alexanderia during the period of
(1952-55). The Egyptian committee for cotton bought and sold
cotton in this period, in 1955 the Contracters Stock Market reopened
until 1961 where it canceled again. The third stage is
from 1962 to 1986 where the Cooperative system was applied.
According to this system cooperative production quotas (differ
from one crop to another) are handled to the state at fixed price
AS for the price policy for agricultural inputs, the
study showed that starting from 1964 all production, importation
and distribution of fertilizers are controlled by the state. The
ministry of agriculture determines the fertilizer distribution
rates for all regions and crops at prices lower than the actual
costs, these prices are equal acrosS all areas. The state has ful
control of distributing cotton and soy beans seeds, and partial
control on wheat, rice seeds. Maize, vegetable and fruit seeds
belong to private sector, the price of distributed seeds by the
state is slightly below actual cost. Finally as to pesticides,thE
governmental intervention started in 1961, that state distribute
the pesticides according to actual cost, in the same time subsidize
cotton, onions, soy beans pesticides.
The different a roaches for determination the farm rices:
This chapter examine the different approaches determinir
prices of cotton, wheat, maize, rice, broad beans, lentils, grour
nuts, sesame, suger cane and winter onions during the period
(1968-84). The study indicated that the actual farm prices are
less than the calculated prices by the parity price formulas that
used the ratio between the index number for cost of living and tl
index number for wholesale prices. The study has also indicated
that the actual farm prices for the main crops (cotton, wheat,
maize, rice) are less than the calculated prices by using most
of the alternative methods. The correlation between the rate of
inflation and the rate of increasing in actual and calculated
prices amounted to 0.77 for the calculated prices using the parity
price formula-that used the index number for cost of living,
this means that the actual prices don’t reflect the rate of
inflation in the Egyptian economy. The study also showed that
the terms of trade for agricultural crops by using the ratio of
farm prices to costs per unit and to world prices has decreased
specially after the open door policy that has been applied since
1974.
The economic effects of overnmental intervention in a ricultural
policy
This chapter aims at investigate the impacts of governmental
intervention on producers, consumers and state for wheat,maiz
rice, cotton, broad beans, lentils, sugar cane and winter onions
during the period of 1976-83. The study showed that the net socie
loss amounted to L.E. 220.5,26.1, 216.7, 137.6, 6.5, 7.33,81.4
and 87.8 millions for the eight crops respectively as a lower
1imit, and L.E . 337. 3, 48.6, 264. 1, 137 .6, 11.5, 7. 33, 127 .2
and 140.5 millions annually for the same crops respectively as tr
upper limit. Loss in producers welfare totaled L.E.177.8,130.2,
425.1,542.5, 28.5, 1.7, 177 and 186.1 millions annually for the
same crops as a lower limit compared to L.E. 189.4, 148.5,450.8,
542.5, 28.5, 1.7, 209 and 234.3 millions as the upper limit,
consumer welfar has increased by about L.E. 325.2, 102.6, 147.1,
___ 193~},_ 14.9, 9.6, 45.4 and 41.9 millions annually for the same
- 6 -
eight crops respectively as a lower limit compared to L.E.
430.5, 106.6, 168.9, 193.7, 19.9, 9.6, 59.1 and 45.9 millions for
the same crops as the upper limit. Meanwhile the loss in foriegn
exchange reached about L.E. 622, 196.6, and 233.6 millions annually as a lower limit compared to
L.E. 958, 209.9, and 36.9 millions
as the upper limit for the eight crops respectively. While
the government revenue has increased for rice, cotton, broad
beans, sugar cane and winter onions. It amounted to L.E. 12.6,
211.2, 2, 36.6 and 52.1 millions for these five crops respectively,
and has decreased for wheat, maize and lentils amounting to
L.E. 473, 11.5 and 15.4 millions respectively. This means that
the agricultural policy is a discriminative in favor of consumers
against producers and that the agricultural sector is heavily
taxed.
A ricultural rices and their effects in directin the
agricultural production
This section of the study deal with the impact of pricing
alternative methods on cropping pattern. Six models of linear
programming were constructed, the first model used the world
prices with absence of the organizatory constraints, the second
and third models used the local and world prices respectively
with maximum constraints for the cultivated area of crops of higt
net revenue (sesame, tomatoes, potatoes, groundnuts, lentils
winter onions, long barseem), the fourth and fifth models used
the local and world prices respectively with minimum constraints
for the cultivated area by traditional crops to insure total or
some of local consumption,and the sixth model used world prices
foe strategic crops (cotton, rice, ~heat) and local prices for
the other crops ~ith maximum constraints for cultivated area by
high net revenue crops and minimum constraints for cultivated
area by traditional crops.
The resultS showed that the net revenue amounted to L.E.
23039, 1759, 2428, 2068, 5205 and 1889 millions for the six models
respectively compared to about L.E. 1404 millions for the actual
cropping pattern. ThiS means that the use of agricultural inputs
~ere inefficient, and also means that the net revenue by using
~orld price is greater than the net revenue by using local prices.
The difference bet~een them amounted to L.E. 670 millions in case
of maximum constraints and L.E. 3134 millions in case of minimum
constraints, the study also sho~ed that the strategic crops ~ere
lesS profitability and consequently were lesS comparative advantage,
SO the farmers don’t have the desire to plant these crops.
The study recommends that the governmental intervention
in planning and regulating the agricultural sector should continuE
to achieve the targets of national plans in completely agricultural
price policy taking intO its consideration both ~orld
prices and rate of inflation beside cost production in order to
determine the farm prices. It should separate consumer and
industry. subsidy from produceEs pEices in order to reduce
the implicit taxes that imposed on agriculture. The government
should increase the relative profitability for strategic crops
to encourage farmers to plant these crops. It also should redetermine
the delivery quotas to the state specially for rice
and takes both farm size and cultivated area into considecation.