الفهرس 
الباب الاوليوجد فقط 14 صفحة متاحة للعرض العام
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المستخلص
Summary
Agricultural Mechanization is a physical technology of a vital
importance for Egyptian agriculture. The successive four ’”5 year’s
development plans” in Egypt, since 1982have devoted much concern towards
introduction of such technology to the Farming operation for major Field crops.
The development plans aimed to expansion of the different machines, due to
progressive step-wise program. Up to mid of eighties, the program objective
was to reach a full land prepation and expanion of water pumps. Up to early
years of nineties, the plan aimed at introducing and expansion of the machinery
for harrowing harvesting for rice and wheat, cutting fodder. Up to the year 2000
the goals are full mechanization for major field crops. A recent has reached a
weighted for the level of mechanization expansion among field crops in the
agricultural year 1988/1989. It showed that for rice the level was 41%, for
maize it reached 31%, for cotton it reached 38%, while it approached 54% for
wheat.
There are some inherent obstacles in Egyptian agriculture have
magnified the possible negative impacts of market liberalization and phasingout
the subsidies on farm inputs efficiency. Among those obstacles in the land
fragmentation. The machinery economics requires identifying the economies of
farm scale, which recognize the minimum cost, because the common is very
small farm size in Egypt. Which is called land fragmentation, magnifies the
negative impacts of the expected increase in inputs prices on costs of machinery
use under such small farm size.
Accordingly, the objectives of the study are (l)estimation of the
agricultural mechanization level of expansion of each farm operation for the
two major summer and winter crops in Egypt, i.e. ”Wheat and rice,
respectively”; (2)estimation of the intensification of inputs use, either
biological, chemicals or mechanical inputs as well as the human labor, per
feddan; (3)estimation of the productive efficiency and the economic efficiency
of farm inputs, particularly the mechanical and human labor for concerned
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crops; (4)the farm economic scale associated with mechanization of each farm
operation was estimated and compared with current average farm size.
Towards achievement of objectives, the study used the data of suitable
two sample surveys for input-output data of the two concerned crops ”Rice and
wheat” and applied the proper econometric models and statistical methods. The
two surveys covered one agricultural season 1996/1997 for 100 Farms and 90
farms, respectively, per each crop. For estimation the productive and economic
efficiency, the best-fitted production function models were estimated and
associated derived functions. For detennination of the farm economic scale for
minimum cost of machinery use, the average machinery cost function by
operation was estimated.
The study allocated three chapters for an introduction to present the
review of literature, date based and methodology and another two chapters to
resent the outputs and results. The major finding and conclusions were as
follows:
I. With respect to the level of expansion of agricultural mechanization, for
rice, the agricultural mechanization expands in operations: tillage,
irrigation, harrowing, pests control, threshing and winnowing, transport
for storage, harvest, threshing and winnowing, cultivation, organic
Fertilization, transport for threshing was reached 100%, 100%, 98%, 80%,
73%, 42%, 27%, 4%, 2%, 1%, respectively,. However, the level of
expansion of agricultural mechanization, for wheat, in agricultural
operations: tillage, irrigation, threshing and winnowing, harrowing, pasts
control, weed control, transport for storage, cultivation, organic
fertilization, transport for threshing was reached 100%, 100%, 100%,
87.8%, 70%, 43.3%,24.4%, 1101%,303%,33%, respectively.
2. With respect to homey human labor intensification per feddan for rice in
the next agricultural operations: organic fertilization, harrowing,
irrigation, phosphate fertilization, nitrogen fertilization, weed control,
pests control, harvest, transport for threshing” threshing and winnowing,
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harvest, threshing and winnowing, transport for storage was reached 1.31,
1.69. 1.2, 6.98, 0.55, 0.82, 1.7,0.25, 1.47, 1.59, 1.99,0.8. 0.82 day/man
respectively, However, the homey human labor intensification per feddan
for wheat in the next agricultural operations : organic fertilization,
cultivation, irrigation, phosphate fertilization, nitrogen fertilization, weed
control, pests control, harvest, transport for threshing, threshing and
winnowing, transport for storage was reached 2.09, 0.68, 2049, 0.52, 0.9,
0.97,0.45, 1.66, 1.19,2.02, 1.62 day/man respectively.
3. The relative importance for the homey human labor for rice was reached
30.91 %, while it Was reached for the non-homey human labor 69.09%.
However the relative importance for the homey human labor for wheat
was reached 34.62%, while it was reached for the non-human labor
65.38%,
4. The productive efficiency of farm inputs for rice Was reach 0.79 for seeds,
0.484 for nitrogen fertilizer, 0.185 for cides, 1.918 for agricultural
mechanization, 0.188 for the animal work, -0.113 for phosphate fertilizer.
However, the productive efficiency of form inputs for wheat Was reached
0.509 for seeds, 0.508 for nitrogen fertilizer, 0.25 for cides, 0.443 for
agricultural mechanization, 0.216 for the animal work, -0. 18for phosphate
fertilizer.
5. The economic efficiency of farm inputs for rice Was reached 13.6 for
seeds, 8.4 for nitrogen fertilizer, 9.1 for cides, 9.07for agricultural
mechanization, 19.56 for the animal work, -5.0 for phosphate fertilizer,
However, the economic efficiency of farm inputs for wheat was reached
9.643, 9.835, 15.761, 4.446, 20.162 , 6.6 for seeds, nitrogen fertilizer,
cides, agricultural mechanization, animal work, phosphate fertilizer
respectively.
6. The estimation of the economic (optimum) SIze associated with
mechanical labor for rice was reached 33.9 feddan for tillage, 20 feddan
for harrowing, 62.5 feddan for irrigation, 7. 14 feddan for threshing.
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While, the estimation of the economic size associated with mechanical
labor for wheat was reached 46.59 feddan for tillage, 35.06 feddan for
harrowing, 43.52 feddan for irrigation, 6.76 feddan for threshing.
7.If economic liberalization and agricultural land free market are applied
properly, they will encourage formers to establish new cooperative system
that allow them voluntary to manage the custom services economically,
by utilization of the advantages of the horizontal integration (reaching
cooperatively the optimum farm size) as well as the advantages of the
vertical integration. The case studies of different developed countries
provide evidence for success of such system (U.S.A, Germany, France,
...... etc.) To reach the optimum farm size for custom service would save
between 2.3 - 223 million Egyptian pounds from rice costs of production
per year and between 179 - 191 million Egyptian pounds from wheat
costs of production per year.
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