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Abstract SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Providing food is one of the main goals for any community and shortage of food result in economical and social proplems. so, food security is one of the main goals to be realized in Egypt, food security means providing food requires to all population. Since 1960 ’s Egypt has depended mainly on importing to provide many of food commodities especialy cereals and this imports increased sharply after 1970 . No one can deny that providing wheat represents a great burden on economical and social development in Egypt and due to the gap between production and consumption of wheat , Egypt is obligated to increase its imports of wheat. Also, bad quality of bread, play an crucial role in increasing our imports of wheat, this need to study wheat processing from the economical point of view . The objective of this study is to make focus on some economic sides; production, consumption, imports of wheat as it considered the main raw material for wheat processing. Also, this study aims to focus on wheat processing; milling of wheat and bread making in Egypt. The study depends on descriptive and econometric analysis and investigate to analyze the available data on wheat and wheat processing; milling and bread making. , ._-----,. -2- The study includes five chpaters. The first chapter deals with the introduction, the secound one comprises the previous studies and its results, while the third one focus on production, consumption and imports of wheat - as well as - the wheat gap in Egypt. The fourth chapter concerend with wheat milling. Finally the fifth one stndy beard making in Egypt. Results showed that cultivated area, production, consumption, impots of wheat as well as wheat gap through the period (1965 - 1992) had an increasing trend at significance levels (0.05). Wheat mills in Egypt are idenfied to state and private enterprises, as well as milling machines (Mawani) which are scattered all overl rural areas. The number of wheat mills affiliated to the public enteprise estimated by 136 mills, its actual capcity amound to 18488 thosand ton/day. Cairo governorat comes in the first place with respect to wheat flour production it produced about 16.3 % from the total annual wheat flour production of puplic enteprises during 1991/ 1992 while the number of private mills, authorized by Ministry of Supply, esbnated by 33 mills its actual capcity amounted to 1657 ton/day. Giza governorate came in the first place in respect to number of mills and the actual capcity, it produce about 40% of the total annual wheat flour production of the privat enterprises. 3 Mills are identified. according. to its type of operation, to recent roller mills, old roller mills and stone mills. Costs of production are estimated for the three types of mills previously mentioned. total costs of wheat milling include fixed and variable costs. Fixed costs include wages. depreciation of durable inputs, maintinance and repair costs. insurance and rent. Wages are considered the most important item in fixed costs of wheat milling industry it represents about 45% , 80 and 81% of total fixed costs of recent rollar mills. old rollar mills and stone mills respectively . Total variable costs include the value of wheat. costs of materials (such as fuel) , interest rates and banking costs. The value of wheat is the most important item in the total variabe costs, it represents about 92.8% , 93.9% • 94% of total variable costs in the recent mills, old mills and stone mills respectively, Marginal costs of wheat milling is estimated by 375 L.E. 180.45 L.E and 136.58 L.E. for the recent mills. old mills and stone mills respectively. In Egypt bakaries are identified to Balady, shamy and Afrangi bakaries. its number are estimated by 8687 its capacity estimared by 10729 sac / day during 1991/ 1992. Cairo governorate comes in the first place respect to number of bakaeries and its capacity as it represent about 16% from the total number of bakaries and its capacity represent about 23% of the total capacity 4 during 199111992. Cost of flour is the largest item in the total costs of bread making, it represent about 50 % of the total costs. Total costs of bread making showed an annual increasing trend evaluated by 5.85 Millem on studying loss in wheat and its products the results showed that, loss in local wheat represent 35 % of the local wheat production, while that of imported wheat represent 4 % of the imported quantity. Loss of flour • bran , sahla bread, and solar during bread making is evaluated by 40.000 to, 5.600 ton, 78.800 ton and 13 million gollon respectively during 1991/] 992 . |