الفهرس 
Material and methodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 160 |  |  |
| | | from | 160 | | |
Abstract
This experiment was carried out at the hatchery of Zin El-DEN Poultry Company located at (SENHERA VILLAGE — QALUBIA GOVERNERATE), and Poultry Research Farm belonging to the Department of Animal Production Faculty of Agriculture. Zagazig University, Be a Branch.
It was aimed to study the e ect of injecting incubating eggs with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) d cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) on hatchability, productive pe ormance of hatched chicks and some blood constituents related t• the metabolic processes in
broilers.
A total number of (1200) fe ile eggs from Arbor Acres parental breed obtained from Ism lia Company for broiler production were used. Eggs were div. ed into ten groups.Eggs of the 1st, 2nd, d
3t-, group were injected with vitamin C at a level of 3,6 and 9 mg, respectively. Those f the 5th, 6th and 7th , groups were injected with 1,2 and 31.1g vitam n D3, respectively. Eggs of the 4th and 8th groups were inject,s with dissolvent of either vit.0 (sodium chloride) or of vit.D3 (dimethylsulfoxide) respectively. Eggs of the 9th and 10th oups were used as a sham — treated eggs and control (untreated) groups, respectively.
Injection was carried out i o the air cell at the 14th day of the incubation period.
All eggs were weighted to e nearest 0.01 gm using electronic balance at 0,7, 14 and 1 day of incubation. Relative egg weight loss was individually c lculated for each incubation interval.Embryonic mortality was calculated during the inubation period and expressed as a percentage of fertile eggs and classified as early (1-6 day), mid (7- 14) and late (15- 18) mortality. Mortality during hatch (19-21 day) and hatchability to fertile eggs was also calculated.
A total number of 869 hatched chicks were chosen, (male = 399 & female = 409) wing banded, individually weighed, vaccinated and kept under a similar and standard managerial, environmental, hygienic and nutritional condition.
Chicks were individually weighed to the nearest (gm) at hatch and then at the 4th and 8th weeks of bird’s age. Since, weight gain and rate of growth between two successive periods were individually calculated. Shank and keel lengths were individually measured to the nearest mm. at hatch and then at the 4th and 8th weeks of chicks age. Total feed consumption was weekly recorded, then averaged and expressed in gram per chicks at the periods from (0 — 4), (5-8) and (0-8) weeks of chicks age. Feed conversion was then calculated as a ratio between feed intake (gm) and weight gain (gm). Performance index was individually calculated. Economical efficiency was also calculated and carcass quality was measured at the 56th day of age.
Blood samples for chemical analysis were individually obtained by slaughtering 3 chicks per each group at hatch and then withdrawn from the wing vein at 4th and 8th weeks of bird’s age (6 birds per treatment). Plasma total protein and its fractions, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphates, total lipids, cholesterol, glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) andglutamic-pyruvic transaminase (GPT) were determined at day
old, 28 and 56 day of age. Results obtained could be summarized as follows:
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (P<0.001) on weight loss of incubating eggs at all period of estimation. Injecting incubated eggs with 1and4tg vitamin D3 significantly decreased egg weight loss during the period from (0 — 18 days) of incubation (6.02 and 6.08 %, respectively), when compared with other treatments and control. On the other hand, Injecting fertile eggs with 6 and 9 mg. vitamin C significantly increased egg weight loss of incubating eggs during the period
from (0-18days) of incubation.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on embryonic mortality and hatchability. Injecting eggs with vitamin D3 and vitamin C at a levels of li.tg and 3 mg, significantly decreased total embryonic mortality (12.50 and 13.33%, respectively) and correspondingly improved percentage of hatchability (87.50 and 86.66 %, respectively). On the other hand, a sham—treated egg significantly decreased total embryonic mortality (17.50 %) and, correspondingly improved percentage of hatchability (82.50%), when compared with control.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on body weight of chicks ’at all periods of estimation. Injected incubating eggs with vitamin D3 at a level of 1
improved chick’s weight at hatch. Injecting incubating eggs with vitamin D3 at a level of 31.ig showed the highest body weight at the 4th (891.91 gm) and 8th week of age (2455.32 gm). Male broilers showed the higher average of body weight at the end ofthe experimental period (2490.55 gm) than females (2158.19 gm)
Applied treatments had highly significant effect (p<0.0001) on body weight gain at all period of estimation.
Injecting eggs with vitamin D3 at a level of 3mg improved body weight gain at the period from (0 — 4) and (0 -- 8) weeks of age (853.14 and 2416.55 gm, respectively), Male broilers shown the highest average of body weight gain at all periods of estimation when compared with female.
Treatments applied had highly sipificant effect (P<0.001) on the rate of growth allover the experimental period. Injecting incubating eggs with 31.ig vitamin D3 increased rate of growth at the period from (0 — 4) and (0 — 8) weeks of age (183.07 and 193.73%, respectively). Male broilers had significantly increased growth rate average at all period of estimation than female.
Significant difference (P<0.05) was found in keel length at hatch due to treatments applied, while highly significant effect (P<0.001) was found due to treatments applied at 4th week of chicks age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with li.tg vitamin D3 showed the highest keel length at hatch and at the 4th week of age (17.63 and 80.87 m.m,yespectively). Male broilers showed higher keel length at all periods of estimation than female
broilers.
Highly significant effect on shank length (P<0.001) was found due to treatments applied at 4th and 811.’ week of age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid showed the highest shank length at hatch (27.12 m.m). However,chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3pg vitamin D3 showed the highest shank length at 4th and at the 8th week of age (35.92 and 57.61 m.m, respectively). However, male broilers showed the highest shank length at the end of the experimental period (8th week), than female.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (P<0.001) on average feed consumption during all period of estimation. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1μg vitamin D3 and 3mg vitamin C showed the lowest averages of feed consumption per chick at the period from (0-8) weeks of age (4681.69 and 4726.81 gm /bird, respectively). No significant difference was found in feed consumption between male and female broilers at all periods of estimation.
Highly significant effect (p<0.001) on feed conversion at all period of estimation was found due to treatments applied. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid showed the best-feed conversion values at the period from (0 —4) weeks of age. On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1μg vitamin D3 and 3mg vitamin C showed the best-feed conversion values at the period from (0 — 8) week of age (1.99 and 2.03 gm feed / gm gain, respectively). Male broilers had significantly better feed conversion values at all periods of estimation when compared with females.
Better performance index was obtained at the period from (0 - 4) weeks of age in chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid. On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1 lag vitamin D3 showed the best performance index(121.63 %) at the period from (0- 8) weeks of age.Treatments applied had highly significant effect on performance index allover the experimental period. Male broilers showed the best performance index at all periods of estimation when compared with females.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (P<0.001) on economical efficiency at all period of estimation. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid showed the highest economical efficiency at the period from (0 —4) weeks of age. However, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 1pg vitamin D3 and 3mg ascorbic acid showed the highest economical efficiency at the end of the experimental period (150.28 and 147.54 %, respectively) when compared with other treatments applied. Male broilers showed the highest averages of economical efficiency when compared with females at all periods of estimation.
Treatments applied were found to be of no significant effect on eviscerated carcass, giblets and total edible parts. However, highly significant effect (13<0.001) due to treatments applied were found in absolute and relative weight of abdominal fat. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9 mg ascorbic acid showed the highest relative weight of eviscerated carcass and total edible parts (68.10 and 72.67 %, respectively). On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 21.tg vitamin D3 showed the highest relative weight of giblets (4.59%). Male broilers showed the highest absolute weights of giblets, eviscerated, total edible parts and relative weight of abdominal fat than females. However, insignificant difference was found in a relative weight of giblets, eviscerated carcass, total edible partsand absolute weight of abdominal fat between male and female
broilers.
Treatments applied had low significant effect (p<0.05) on
plasma total protein, albumin and globulin at hatch and at the 8th week of age. However, it was found to be of highly significant effect (p <0.001) at the 4th week of age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 6mg ascorbic acid showed the highest globulin content (1.93 g/dl) at hatch. While, Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid showed the highest globulin content at the 4th and 8th week of age (1.70 and 1.78
g/dl, respectively).
Treatments applied had highly significant effect on
plasma calcium at hatch and at the 4th week of age only. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3mg ascorbic acid and 21.tg vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma calcium content at all period of estimation. On the other hand, plasma calcium level decreased with increasing vitamin C injected level. This was
quite true at all periods of estimation.
Treatments applied had significant effect on plasma
inorganic phosphorus at all period of estimation. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma inorganic phosphorus contents at hatch and at the 8th week of age (4.56 and 635 mg/dl, respectively). While, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 211g vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma inorganic phosphorus at the 4th week of age
(5 .98mg/d1).
Treatments applied had highly significant effect
(p<0.001) on alkaline phosphates at all period of estimation.hicks hatched from eggs injected with 3 and 6 mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma alkaline phosphates at all period of estimation. However, plasma alkaline phosphates decreased with increasing injected levels of vitamin D3.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma total lipids at all period of estimation. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 6mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma total lipids content (57.05 g/1) at hatch. While, chick hatched from eggs injected with 3tig vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma total lipids content at the 4th week of age (143.20 g/1). On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg vitamin C and 1 pg vitamin D3 showed the lowest values of plasma total lipids (145.06and 143.06 Wl, respectively) at the end of the experimental period.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma cholesterol content at hatch and at the 8th week of age. However, no significant effect was found at the 4th week of age due to treatments applied. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid and 21_tg vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma cholesterol content at all period of estimation. On the other hand, injecting eggs with 3mg vitamin C and 3ttg vitamin D3 significantly deqeased plasma cholesterol content in chick’s hatched from at the end of the experimental period (40.35 and 40.56 mg/dl, respectively).
Treatments applied had low significant effect (p<0.05)on (GOT) level at hatch and highly significant effect (p<0.001) due to this factor was found at the 4th and at the 8th weeks of age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3mg ascorbic acidhicks hatched from eggs injected with 3 and 6 mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma alkaline phosphates at all period of estimation. However, plasma alkaline phosphates decreased with increasing injected levels of vitamin D3.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma total lipids at all period of estimation. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 6mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma total lipids content (57.05 g/1) at hatch. While, chick hatched from eggs injected with 3tig vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma total lipids content at the 4th week of age (143.20 g/1). On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg vitamin C and 1 pg vitamin D3 showed the lowest values of plasma total lipids (145.06and 143.06 Wl, respectively) at the end of the experimental period.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma cholesterol content at hatch and at the 8th week of age. However, no significant effect was found at the 4th week of age due to treatments applied. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid and 21_tg vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma cholesterol content at all period of estimation. On the other hand, injecting eggs with 3mg vitamin C and 3ttg vitamin D3 significantly deqeased plasma cholesterol content in chick’s hatched from at the end of the experimental period (40.35 and 40.56 mg/dl, respectively).
Treatments applied had low significant effect (p<0.05)on (GOT) level at hatch and highly significant effect (p<0.001) due to this factor was found at the 4th and at the 8th weeks of age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3mg ascorbic acid hicks hatched from eggs injected with 3 and 6 mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma alkaline phosphates at all period of estimation. However, plasma alkaline phosphates decreased with increasing injected levels of vitamin D3.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma total lipids at all period of estimation. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 6mg ascorbic acid showed the highest plasma total lipids content (57.05 g/1) at hatch. While, chick hatched from eggs injected with 3tig vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma total lipids content at the 4th week of age (143.20 g/1). On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg vitamin C and 1 pg vitamin D3 showed the lowest values of plasma total lipids (145.06and 143.06 Wl, respectively) at the end of the experimental period.
Treatments applied had highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma cholesterol content at hatch and at the 8th week of age. However, no significant effect was found at the 4th week of age due to treatments applied. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 9mg ascorbic acid and 21_tg vitamin D3 showed the highest plasma cholesterol content at all period of estimation. On the other hand, injecting eggs with 3mg vitamin C and 3ttg vitamin D3 significantly deqeased plasma cholesterol content in chick’s hatched from at the end of the experimental period (40.35 and 40.56 mg/dl, respectively).
Treatments applied had low significant effect (p<0.05)on (GOT) level at hatch and highly significant effect (p<0.001) due to this factor was found at the 4th and at the 8th weeks of age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3mg ascorbic acid showed the highest (GOT) level at the 4th weeks of age (10.50u/1). On the other hand, chicks hatched from eggs injected with vitamin D3 at a level of 21.1g significantly decreased plasma content of (GOT) level.
Treatments applied had significant effect (p<0.01) on plasma (GPT) content at hatch. However, no significant effect due to this factor was found at the 4th and at the 8th weeks of age. Chicks hatched from eggs injected with 3mg ascorbic acid showed the highest (GPT) level at hatch and at the 4th weeks of age (7.33 and 7.33u/1, respectively).