الفهرس 
Materials and mithodsOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The present study was carried out at Mehallat Mousa Turkey Research Farm, belonging to Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture; Kafr El- Shickh Governorate, Egypt, during the period from May 2000 to June 2001.
It was aimed to study the effect of injecting incubating eggs with either thyroid hormones preparation (Eltroxin) and antithyroid drug (carbimazole) on hatchability and productive performance of turkey.
A total number of (1280) fertile egg was used from Nicholas and Mehallah 85 (640 egg for each breed). Incubated eggs were injected in the 25th day of incubation with 25 and 50 ng of either Eltroxin or carbimazole, respectively. •
A total number of 800 from hatched chicks were chosen from the previously mentioned breeds and injected with eltroxin and carbimazole with the same levels used during the incubation at hatch and monthly intervals up to the age of sexual maturity. Results Obtained could be summarized as follows:
— Average body weight was significantly better in Nicholas at 2nd, 4th and 5th month of age compared with Mehallah 85.
— Chicks hatched from eggs injected with carbimazole significantly increased body weight at the rd, 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th month of age when compared with those hatched from eggs injected with eltroxin.
— Chicks hatched from eggs injected with carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 25ng significantly increased average body weight at the I” and 2” month of age.
142 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
— Pullets of Mehallah 85 showed the highest average of body weight at all the periods of estimation during egg production stage except at the 3rd month of egg production when compared with Nicholas pullets.
—Treatments applied injection levels and sex showed highly significant effects on monthly average body weight during egg production stage at all periods of estimation.
—Treating birds with carbimazole significantly increased average of body weight during egg production stage at all periods of estimation when compared with those treated with eltroxin.
—Males significantly increased monthly average body weight during egg production stage at all periods of estimation when compared with females.
—The interaction between (strains and sex), (treatments applied and injection levels) and (injection levels and sex) showed significant effects on body weight during egg production stage.
—Nicholas pullets significantly increased body weight gain at the periods from (0-4), (5-8), (13-16), (17-20) and (0-24) weeks of age when compared with Mehallah85. On the other hand, pullets of Mehallah85 showed the highest average of body weight gain at the periods from (9-12) and (21-24) weeks of age compared with Nicholas pullets.
—Birds treated with carbimazole significantly increased body weight gain at all periods of estimation excepted the periods from (0-4) weeks of age when compared with those treated by eltroxin.
—Mehallah 85 pullets showed the highest average of body weight
143 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
gain at the periods from (29-32), (33-36), (37-40) and (29-48) weeks of age when compared with pullets of Nicholas. On the other hand, pullets of Nicholas showed the highest average of body weight gain at the periods from (41-44) and (45-48) weeks of age compared with Mehallah 85 pullets.
—Birds treated with eltroxin showed the highest average of body weight gain at the periods from (33-36), (41-44), (45-48) and (29-48) weeks of age when compared with those treated with carbimazole. On the other hand, birds treating with carbimazole showed the highest average of body weight gain at the periods from (29-32) and (37-40) weeks of age compared with eltroxin.
—Birds treated with either carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 50 ng insignificantly increased average body weight gain at all periods of estimation except at the periods from (29-32) and (45-48) weeks of age when compared with control group.
—Sex had highly significant effects (P<0.001) on average body weight gain at all periods of estimation during egg production periods.
—males significantly increased average of body weight gain at all periods of estimation when compared with female.
—Nicholas pullets significantly increased performance index at all periods of estimation excepted the periods from (21-24) weeks of age only which showed significant decrees of performance index when compared with Mehallah85.
—Treatments applied had highly significant effects (P<0.001) on performance index at all periods of estimation.
—Birds treated with carbimazole significantly increased average of
144 SUMMARY ANI) CONCOLUSION
performance index at all periods of estimation when compared with those treated with eltroxin.
— Birds treated with carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 25 ng significantly increased average of performance index at the periods from (0-4) and (5-8) weeks of age when compared with other treatments applied.
— Birds treated with carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 50 ng significantly decreased average of performance index at the periods from (0-4),(9-12) and (17-20) weeks of age. However, the same level insignificantly increased performance index at the periods from (21-24) weeks of age when compared with control.
— Mehallah85 pullets showed the highest average of performance index at the periods from (29-32), (33-36) and (37-40) weeks of age when compared with pullets of Nicholas. On the other hand, Nicholas pullets showed the highest average of performance index at the periods from (41-44), (45-48) and (29-48) weeks of age compared with pullets of Mehallah85.
—Birds treated with eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 ng decreased average of performance index at all periods of estimation except the periods from (33-36) and (37-40) weeks of age when compared with control.
—Males significantly increased average of performance index at all periods of estimation when compared with females.
—Mehallah85 pullets significantly increased average of feed consumption at all periods of estimation compared with pullets of Nicholas.
—Birds treated with eltroxin significantly increased average of feed consumption at all periods of estimation when compared with carbimazole.
—Birds treated with either carbimazole or eltroxin sat a level of 25ng and 5Ong significantly decreased averages of feed consumption at all periods of estimation excepted at the periods from (0-4) weeks of age when compared with other treatments applied.
—Highly significant effects (P<0.001) on average of feed consumption at all periods of estimation was found due to the interaction between (treatments applied and injection levels).
—Pullets of Mehallah85 significantly increased average of feed consumption at all periods of estimation during egg production stage compared with Nicholas pullets.
—Treatments applied had highly significant effects on average feed consumption, at all periods of estimation except at the periods from (33-36) weeks of age which showed insignificant effect.
—Birds treated with eltroxin significantly increased average of feed consumption at all periods of estimation except at the periods from (33-36) and (45-48) weeks of age which showed insignificant increase on average of feed consumption when compared with those treated with carbimazole.
—Injection levels had highly significant effects (P<0.001) on average of feed consumption at the periods from (37-40), (41-44) and (29-48) weeks of age.
—Birds treated with either carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 25 ng and 50 ng significantly decreased average of feed consumption at
all periods of estimation excepted at the period from (29-32) weeks of age when compared with other treatments applied.
—Males significantly increased averages of feed consumption at all periods of estimation during egg production stage when compared with females.
—The interaction between strains and treatments applied showed significant effects on averages of feed consumption at all periods of estimation except at the period from (41-44) and (45-48) weeks of age. However, the interaction between strains and injection levels showed significant effects on averages of feed consumption during the period from (37-48) weeks of pullets age.
— Pullets of Nicholas significantly improved average of feed conversion at the periods from (5-8), and (0-24) weeks of age (2.98 and 3.75 gin feed/gm gain ,respectively) when compared with Mehallah 85 which significantly improved average of feed conversion at the periods from (9-12) and (21-24) weeks of age (3.66 and 4.67 gm feed/gin gain, respectively).
— Birds treated with carbimazole significantly improved average of feed conversion at all periods of estimation excepted the periods from (13-16) weeks of age when compared with eltroxin.
— Birds treated with carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 25 ng significantly improved average of feed conversion at the periods from (0-4) and (5-8) weeks of age when compared with control.
— Birds treated with carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 50 ng significantly improved average of feed conversion at the periods from (21-24) weeks of age when compared with control.
—Mehallah 85 pullets showed the highest average of feed conversion for female at all periods of estimation when compared with Nicholas pullets.
—Pullets strains and treatments applied showed insignificant effects on average feed conversion for female at all periods of estimation.
—Birds treated with eltroxin showed the highest average of feed conversion for female at all periods of estimation except the period from (45- 48) weeks of age.
—Birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 50 ng significantly increased average feed conversion for female at all periods of estimation when compared with other treatments applied (a sham and control groups).
—Mehallah85 pullet’s reached their sexual maturity insignificantly earlier (204.5 days) than those of Nicholas (205.4 days).
—Pullets strains and treatments applied showed insignificant effects in age at sexual maturity.
—Treating birds with carbimazole altered age at sexual maturity at (205 days) when compared with eltroxin treated birds (204 days).
Injection levels had highly significant effects (p<0.001) on age at sexual maturity.
—Birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 50 ng, respectively altered significantly age at sexual maturity (209 and 207 days ,respectively) when compared with other treatments applied. On the other hand, a sham group significantly earlier average of age at sexual maturity (200 days) when compared
148 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
with other treatments applied.
—Nicholas pullets showed the highest average of egg production rate at the 15`, 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of egg production when compared with Mehallah 85. However, Mehallah 85 pullets showed the highest rate of egg production at the 5’1’ month of egg production when compared with Nicholas.
— Treating birds with carbimazole showed the highest rate of egg production at the 1 2d,3rd and 4`h month of starting egg production. On the other hand, treating birds with carbimazole showed the lowest rate of egg production at the 511 month of egg production when compared with eltroxin.
—Pullet’s of Mehallah 85 showed the highest average of egg weight at the 15’ and 2nd month of egg production when compared with Nicolas. I lowever, Nicolas pullets showed the highest average of egg weight at the 3rd, 4 and 5th month of egg production when compared with Mehallah 85.
—Birds treated with carbimazole significantly increased average egg weight at the 3rd month of egg production. However, their effect was of’ no significant value during all periods of estimation when compared with eltroxin.
—Egg mass was greater in Nicholas at the 2nd 3rd and 4`11 month of egg production when compared with Mehallah85. However, egg mass was lowest in Nicolas at the 5’11 month of egg production when compared with Mehallah 85.
— Birds treating with carbimazole had the highest egg mass at all periods of estimation excepted at the 5th month of egg production
149 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
when compared with eltroxin.
—Treating birds with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a levels of 25 and 50 ng showed no significant variation in egg mass at all periods of estimation compared with control.
—Nicholas pullets showed the highest average of albumen absolute weight at all periods of estimation except at the 1st month of egg production compared with Mehallah85 pullets. However, Mehallah85 pullets showed the highest average of albumen absolute weight at the
month of egg production compared with Nicholas.
—Average of albumen absolute weight was better in eggs from birds treated with carbimazole at all periods of estimation when compared with those treated with eltroxin. However, eggs produced from birds treated with eltroxin showed the highest average of albumen absolute weight at the 2” month of egg production when compared with carbimazole.
— Eggs produced from birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole a level of 25 showed the highest average of albumen
absolute weight at the 2” month of egg production when compared
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with other treatments applied . However, eggs from birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 50 ng increased average of albumen absolute weight at the 2” and 3rd month of egg production when compared with those treated with 25ng.
— Significant effects on albumen absolute weight was found due to the interaction between (strains and injection levels) and (treatments applied and injection levels at the 4th month of egg production only.
— Mehallah 85 pullets showed the highest average of relative
150 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
weight of albumen at the 1s1 and 4th month of egg production when compared with Nicholas. However, Nicholas pullets increased relative weight of albumen at the 2nd, 3rd and 5th month of egg production when compared with Mehallah 85.
—Eggs produced from birds treated with carbimazole showed the highest average of relative weight of albumen at the 1st, 3rd and 5thmonth of egg production compared with eltroxin. On the other hand, Eggs from birds treated with eltroxin showed the highest average of relative weight of albumen at the 2nd and 4th month of egg production when compared with carbimazole.
—Injection levels had highly significant effects (p<0.001) at the 4th month of egg production, and significant effects (p<0.05) on relative weight of albumen at the 3rd and 5th month of egg production.
—Eggs produced from birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole a level of 25 ng significantly increased relative weight of albumen at all periods of estimation when compared with other treatments applied.
—Pullets of Mehallah 85 increased yolk absolute weight average at the 2nd month of egg production only compared with pullets of Nicholas. On the other hand, pullets of Nicholas increased average yolk absolute weight at all periods of estimation.
— Highly significant effects was found due to the pullets strain on the average of yolk absolute weight at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th month of starting egg production.
—Eggs produced from birds treated with eltroxin showed the highest yolk absolute weight average at the 2”, 4th and 5th month of
’ 151 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
starting egg production when compared with carbimazole. On the other hand, egg from birds treated with carbimazole showed the highest yolk absolute weight average at the 1st and 3”1 month of egg
production compared with eltroxin.
— Eggs produced from pullet’s treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 50 ng showed the highest average of yolk absolute weight at the 1st and 2nd month of egg production compared
with other treatments applied.
— Injection levels had highly significant effects (p<0.001) on relative of yolk at the 4thand 5th month of egg production.
— Birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 ng showed the lowest relative weight of yolk at all periods of estimation when compared with control and A sham group. However, eggs produced from birds treated with eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 50 ng insignificantly increased relative weight of yolk at the rd month of egg production when compared with control and A sham
group.
— Eggs from Nicholas significantly increased average shell absolute weight at 311 and 4th month of egg production when compared with Mehallah85. However, eggs from Mehallah 85 insignificantly increased average shell absolute weight at the 1St and 5th month of egg
production when compared with Nicholas.
— Pullet’s strain had highly significant effects (p<0.001) on the average of shell absolute weight at the 3rd and 4th month of egg
production .
— Pullet’s injected with eltroxin had the highest average of shell
152 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUS1ON
absolute weight at the 1st and 2Ild month of egg production. However, pullet’s injected with carbimazole showed the highest average of shell weight at the 3rd, 4th and 5th month of egg production.
—Injection levels showed highly significant effect (p< 0.01) on average shell absolute weight at the 2”d month of egg production, and significant effect (p<0.05) on average shell weight ait the 3rd month of egg production.
—Eggs produced from birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 50 ng insignificantly increased average shell absolute weight at the 3rd and 5th month of egg production when compared with other treatments applied.
g
—Pullets of Nicholas showed the highest average of relative weight of shell at the 2nd, 3rd and 4th months of egg production when compared with Mehallah 85 pullets. On the other hand, pullets of Mehallah85 showed the highest average of relative weight of egg shell at the 1st and 5th month of egg production (12.18 and 11.67 %)compared with Nicholas pullets.
— Relative weight of egg shell increased in eggs produced from birds treated with carbimazole at the 3rd, 4th and 5th months of egg production when compared with eltroxin. However, eggs from birds treated with eltroxin showed the highest average of relative weight of egg shell at the 15` and 2”d month of egg production compared with those treated with carbimazole.
—Injection levels had highly significant effect (P<0.01) on relative weight of egg shell at the LIth month of egg production, and significant effect (P<0.05) on relative weight of egg shell at the 2”d month of egg production only.
153 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
—Eggs produced from birds treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 50 ng significantly increased relative weight of egg shell at the 2nd and 4th month of egg production compared with other treatments applied.
—The interaction between (strains and injection levels) showed highly significant effect on relative weight of egg shell at the 2’1, 3rd and 41h ’month of egg production. The interaction between injection levels and treatments applied showed highly significant effect on relative weight of shell at the 4th month of egg production only.
—Eggs from Nicholas significantly increased shell thickness at the 3rd month of egg production when compared with Mehallah 85. However, eggs from Mehallah 85 decreased average shell thickness at all periods of estimation except at the 1St month of egg production.
—Eggs produced from birds treated with carbimazole increased average shell thickness at all periods of estimation when compared with eltroxin. However, eggs from birds treated with eltroxin increased shell thickness at the 1st, month of egg production only when compared with those treated with carbimazole.
—Injection levels showed no significant effects on average shell thickness at all periods of estimation except at the 2”d month of starting egg production.
—Eggs from produced birds injected with 50 ng of either carbimazole or eltroxin increased average of shell thickness at the 3rd and 4th month of egg production. However eggs produced from pullets of control group increased average of egg shell thickness at the 1st, 2nd and 4th month of egg production when compared with other treatments applied.
—Pullets of Mehallah85 showed highly averages of normal chicks embryonic mortality and hatchability. However, Nicholas pullets showed highly average of up normal chicks only.
—Pullet’s strains and treatments applied showed no significant effects on normal chicks, up normal chicks, embryonic mortality and hatchability.
—Injected fertile eggs with carbimazole increased normal chicks, hatchability and decreased embryonic mortality when compared with those injected with eltroxin.
—Injected fertile eggs with either carbimazole or eltroxin at a level of 50 ng increased normal chicks and hatchability and decreased embryonic mortality when compared with those injected with 25 ng.
—Pullet’s strains showed highly significant effect on embryonic mortality and hatchability.
—Mehallah 85 pullets significantly increased hatchability when compared with Nicholas. On the other hand Nicholas pullets signifioantly increased embryonic mortality and fertility when compared with Mehallah 85.
—Pullet’s treated with eltroxin significantly increased fertility compared with those treated with carbimazole. However, pullets treated with carbimazole insignificantly increased, hatchability and decreased embryonic mortality when compared with those treated with eltroxin and for hatchability and embryonic mortality, respectively.
—Pullet’s treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 50 ng significantly decreased fertility and hatchability when
155 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
compared with control and a sham groups for fertility percentage and hatchability.
—Injdction levels had highly significant effects (p<0.001) on fertility percentage, embryonic mortality and hatchability
—Fertility percentage and hatchability decreased significantly by advancing age reaching their minimum values at the 4th month of age. However, embryonic mortality increased significantly after the 2nd month reaching their maximum values at the 4th inonth of egg production.
—Experimental intervals had highly significant effects on fertility percentage, embryonic mortality and hatchability.
—Mehallah 85 pullets significantly increased semen volume when compared with Nicholas. However, Nicholas pullets increased semen concentration, and sperm mass motility when compared with Mehallah 85. Pullets of Mehallah 85 increased dead sperm and abnormal sperm when compared with Nicholas.
—Treatments applied showed highly significant effect on semen volume, sperm motility, dead and abnormal sperm.
—Pullet’s treated with carbimazole significantly increased semen volume and sperm motility when compared with eltroxin. On the other hand, Pullets treated with eltroxin significantly increased dead and abnormal sperm and increased sperm concentration compared with carbimazole.
—Injection levels and time of collection showed highly significant effect on semen volume, sperm concentration, sperm motility, dead sperm and abnormal sperm.
156 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
—Pullets treated with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 50 ng significantly decreased semen volume, sperm concentration,
sperm motility, dead sperm and abnormal sperm when compared with other treatments applied.
—Semen volume and sperm motility increased significantly at the peak of egg production. While, sperm concentration significantly increased at sexual maturity. Semen volume, sperm concentration and sperm motility significantly decreased at the end of the experimental
period when compared with sexual maturity and at the peak of egg production.
— Dead and abnormal sperm decreased significantly by advancing
age reaching its minimum values at the end of the experimental period.
—Highly significant effects were found on all semen physical characteristics due to time of semen collection.
—Pullets of Nicholas showed the highest averages of plasma total
protein, albumen and globulin when compared with Mehallah 85 pullets.
—Treating birds with carbimazole showed the highest average of
plasma total protein, albumen and globulin when compared with those treated with eltroxin.
— Treating birds with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 50 ng significantly increased plasma total protein, albumen and globulin when compared with other treatments applied.
— Experimental intervals and sex showed highly significant effects (p<0.001) on plasma total protein, albumen and globulin levels.
—Average plasma total protein and globulin increased consistently after hatch reaching its maximum values of the end of the experimental intervals. However, plasma albumen level increased consistently after hatch reaching its maximum values ®f (3.32 g/d1) at sexual maturity, then it decreased towered the end of the experimental intervals.
—Females had significantly (p<0.001) higher plasma total protein albumen and globulin when compared with males.
—pullets of Mehallah 85 showed the highest average of plasma cholesterol level when compared with Nicholas pullets.
—Pullets strains and treatments applied showed insignificant effects on plasma cholesterol level at all periods of estimation.
—Treating birds with carbimazole showed the highest average of plasma cholesterol level when compared with those treated with eltroxin.
—Injection levels, experimental in travels and sex had highly significant effects on plasma cholesterol level.
—Female pullets showed the highest plasma cholesterol level than males.
—Pullets of Nicholas showed the highest average of plasma calcium level when compared with Mehallah 85 pullets.
—Treating birds with carbimazole insignificantly increased plasma calcium level when compared with those treated with eltroxin.
—Treating birds with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 5Ong increased plasma calcium level compared with other
158 SUMMARY AND CONCOLUSION
treatments applied.
—Experimental intervals and sex showed highly significant effects (p< 0.001) on plasma calcium level.
—Plasma calcium level increased after hatch reaching its maximum value at sexual maturity, after which it decreased towered the end of the experimental intervals.
—Average plasma calcium level was significantly (p<0.001) higher in females than in males.
—Pullets of Nicholas had the highest value of plasma inorganic phosphorus when compared with those of Mehallah 85.
—Birds treated with carbimazole insignificantly increased plasma inorganic phosphorus when compared with those treated with eltroxin.
—Treating birds with either eltroxin or carbimazole at a level of 25 and 50 ng insignificantly decreased plasma inorganic phosphorus when compared with control.
—Experimental intervals and sex showed highly significant effect (p<0.001) on plasma inorganic phosphorus.
—Average of plasma inorganic phosphorus increased consistently after the 3rd month of age reaching its maximum values at the peak of egg production after which it decreased towards the end of the experimental intervals.
—Females pullets had mostly the highest plasma inorganic phosphorus level than males.
It could he concluded that, Nicholas strain surpassed significantly Mehallah 85 strain in each of body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, rate of egg production and most of egg quality traits. (Absolute and proportional, shell weights, albumin weight and shell thickness) along the experimental period.
Egg of Mehallah 85 pullets had significantly higher hatchability and lower embryonic mortality percentages, while Nicholas eggs had A higher value of fertility percentage only.
Treating pullets with carbimazole surpassed pullets treated with eltroxin in hatchability percentage, feed conversion, most of egg quality traits, semen physical characteristics, plasma protein fractions, plasma calcium and inorganic phosphorus.
It was obviously clear that treating incubating eggs as well as hatched chicks with thyroid hormones had significant effect on either embryonic development (which is reflected at body weight at hatch’) or the rate of growth of hatched chicks.
The mode of effect or the pattern of response differed according to treatment applied. Depressing thyroid activity using carbimazole as a goitrogenic material affects energy availability and decreases the rate of biological reaction related to growth process. While increasing the reactions of the metabolizable energy accelerated all the biological reactions of the metabolizable energy accelerated all the biological reaction leading to growth responses which are mostly endothermic and need energy.