الفهرس 
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Abstract
1,.
IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL TENURE ON PATIERNS
OF FARM PRODUCTION IN KALUBIA GOVERNORATE
SUMMARY
The fragmented landholding feature in Kalubia Governorate
is due to the narrow strip of agricultural land distributed among
a tremendous number of holders. For example, holders of less than
a feddan each reach 69.3% of total landholders and their holdings
constitute not more than 40.6% of total agricultural land in Kalubia
while holders of less than 5 feddans each reach 97.3% of total land
holders and their holdings constitute not more than 82.9% of total
agricultural land while holders of more than 10 feddans each do not
exceed 0.9% of total holders and their holdings represent about 8.3%
of total agricultural land in Kalubia in 1988/89.
In general, the average size of a land holding is about 1.2
Ieddans, On the other hand, about 66% of agricultural land is cultivated
by owners and about 34% is rented.
The problem of agricultural tenure effect agricultural production
pattt~rns in Kalubia Governorate. The variation of the agricultural
production efficiency of crops, vegetables and fruits production depend
upon patterns of production scales and tenure system. The variation
of economic efficiency for said crops is due to farm scales and tenure
patterns, accordingly the problem of this research is due to the range
and degree of the different effects of type and size of agricultural
tenure and prevailing agricultural production patterns.
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This research aims mainly to study the role of the prevatllng
tenure structure (kind and size) in Kalubia Governorate farming system.
This study includs 6 chapters, first chapter deals with the
study of the regional agricultural economic structure in Kalubia Governorate.
The study consists of two parts: the first studies the agricultural
resources in Kalubia Governorate. The second deals with the agricultural
tenure in Kalubia Governorate. The study of the first chatper is related
to the agricultural resources in KaJubia Governorate. The population
was 2•.5 miJJions and the area of governorate is 946 square kilometers
in 1988/89.
Kalubia governorate agricultural production include field crops,
vegetable crops and fruit crops besides the animal production. The
total cultivated area in Kalubia governorate is approximately 262370
feddans in 1988/89 fromwhich 19423.5 feddans (7496 of the total area
of the governorate) is of good fertiJity Jand.
The main source for irregation water in Kalubia is the River
Nile. The study stressed on identifying· the ma’1>ower resources in
the governorate.
The study of the ag~icultura1 tenure structure is the main
concern of the study is the agricultural land tenure. Tenure system
and the agricultural relations. The types of tenurs are ownersship,
rent and .mixed tenure. The total oomber of ownerships is 68.696,
3196, .57.1296 from the total oombers of teoores in the governorate
whereas the rent teoore is 19.3-J6” 46.”2*,2’” of teoores. In the
meantime the percentage of the lUmber of mixed teoore is about
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12.1%, 32.6%, 3% from the total number of tenures. Although the·
precentage of the tenant cultivated area is about 53.6%, 36%, 57.8%
from the total cultivated area in the governorate. The percentage
of the rent tenure reached 25.8%, 24.6%, 18.7% from the total cultivated
area in the governorate. T he percentage of mixed farms reached
20.6%, 39.42%, 0.1%.
On the other hand, the percentage of the number of those
tenures less than one feddan in Kalubia Governorate in the year 1988/89
is approximately 69.3% from the totalnumber of tenures and the percentage
of these tenures is about 40.6% from the total cultivated
area of the governorate. The percentage of the number of tenurs
less than 5 feddans is about 97.3% from the total number of tenures
and their tenure forms 82. 9% from the total cultivated area. Whereas
the number of tenures with more than 10 feddans is approximately
0.9% from the total number of tenures and they own an area of approximately
8.3% from the total cultivated area of Kalubia governorate.
The tenure state of the agricultural cultivated land in Kalubia Governorate
is earmarked for the percentage of the cultivated area which
is cultivated by the owners and reaches approximately 6696 from the
total tenured cultivated area i the governorate. Whereas the persentage
of cuJtivated land on rent basis is about 3496 from the total cultivated
area in the governorate. This part comprises also study of the fragmentative
features is the possessive structure and reveals that Toukh
is the largest district in the governor~te with respect to the ••.•mber
of tenures and the cultiva:ted irea followed by Benha district and
at Iast (Khanka) district accorm,. to the runber of tenJres also,
if+
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Using the measure of ,average product for the major crops
of the sample according to the production patterns, the size and types
of land tenure categories indicated that the average product of total
ownership tenure, rent tenure .. combined tenure, reaches 12.8,. 13.2
and 12.0 arab for corn. This average is higher in the rent tenure compared
to other tenures and is approximately 12.4, 13.3 and 13.4 ardab
for the wheat. The co-tenure is the highest average product reaching
approximately 7.6, 7.3 and 7.4 kentar for the cotton. It is noticed
that the ownership reaching approximately 25.6, 26, 27.2 tons for
bersim crop. It is noticed also that the co-tenure exceeds other types
of tenures. In the vegetable production pattern, it is noticed that
the average product in the tota.l tenure categories reaches in respect
of carrot crop 7.9, 20.7 tons for the ownership and the co-tenure
respectively and reaches approximately 193.5, 913.6 kentar for the
onion crop while in the orange crop (the fruit production pattern)
it amounts approximately to 6.9, 6.4, 7.5 tons in the ownership and
rent tenure and co-tenure respectively. The general average product
according to the type and size of tenure reaches approximately 12.9
ardab for the corn crop, 12.9 for the wheat, 7.5 kentar for the cotton
26.2 tons for the bersiem, 18.8 tons for the carrot 192 kentar for
onion and 6.9 tons for orange.
Applying the total average costs measure for major crops
according to type and size of the land tenure, the study reveals that
the total average costs for 011 tenure categories with respect to ownership,
rent tenure and co-te ••.•e•. in the farm production pattern amounts
to approximately L.E. 439, 373, 404 for the corn, L.E. 332, 401, 325
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for the wheat, 595, 352 for the bersirn. The study indicated that
the highest total average costs is of the rent tenure while in the
ownership and co-tenure, average cost for the vegetable production
pattern reaches approximately L.E. 713 and L.E. 612 for onion, it
amounts to L.E. 601, 660, 653 for the organge crop in the fruit production
pattern in {the ownership, rent tenure and co-tenure} respectively.
The increase of the total average cast of the rent tenure is observed.
The study shows that the total costs according to type and
size of tenure reaches approximately L.E. 393 for corn and L.E. 339
for wheat, L.E. 593 for the cotton, L.E. 387 for the bersim L.E. 682
for carrot L.E. 879 for onion, L.E. 604 for orange.
Applying the measure of average total revenue for the major
crops according to type and size of tenure. The study indicates that
the average total evenue for the total tenure categories of the ownership,
rent tenure and co-tenure reaches approximately L.E. 837, 871,
910 for corn crop and L.E. 1051, 1152, 1165, for wheat and L.E. 1096,
1045, 1038 for cotton, L.E. 1262~,1257, 1250 for bersirn, It is noticed
that the highest value for the average of total revenue per feddan
in the co-tenure system is for corn and wheat crops. While in the . ownership in for cotton and bersim. The total average revenue according
to type and size of tenure amounts to approximately L.E. 871, 1106,
1070, 1255, for corn, wheat, cotton, bersim respectively in farm production
pattern while the average revenue per feddan for crops of the
vegetable production pattern in’ aU categories (owenership and cotenure)
reaches approximately L.E. 3316, 2655 respectively for carrot·
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crop, L.E. 2156, 2270 for onion. The total average of total revenue
according to type and size of tenure amounts to approximately L.Eo
3109 for carrot, L.E. 2200 for onion.
The average revenue of orange crop in all categories (ownership,
rent tenure, and co-tenure) is approximately L.E. 2837, 2514, 3294,
it is noticed that the co-tenure excels while the general average
revenue according to type and size of tenure is approximately L.E.
2837 for orange crop.
Appling the average net revenue measure indicates that the
average net revenue per teddan for farm production, pattern for
major crops in total tenure categories amounts to L.E. 462, 429,
485 for corn and 509 for cotton L.E. 910, 793, 852, for bersim while
the total average net revenue per feddan reaches approximately according
to type and size of tenure L.E. 478, 767, 477, 768 for the corn,
wheat, cotton and bersim respectively. The average net revenue per
feddan in total categories lownership, co-tenure} in the vegetable
production pattern amounts to approximately L.E. 2603, 2043 for
the caroot crop, L.E. 1210, J3~)4 for onion while the total average
net revenue per feddan according to type and size of tenure reaches
approximately L.E. 2427 ~or carrot crop and l.E. 1321 for the onion
crop. The average net revenue per feddan for orange crop in the
fruit production pattern for total tenure categories (ownership, rent
tenure, co-tenure) amounts to approximately L.E. 2237, 1854, 2641.
The tota! average net revenue per feddan for orange crop accordlng
to type and size of tenJre reaches approximately L.E. 2233.
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Chapter five by using analysis of variance the study did not
prove significance difference between tenure categories and average
production for wheat, corn, onion, carrot and orange crops but significance
difference at level of 0.0I for cotton, also the study did not
prove the significance difference between tenure categories and average
total revenure for all above mentioned crop.
In the meantime the significance difference between tenure
categories (tenure scales) and average net revenue for the onion has
been proved at the significance level of 0.01 but not significant for
corn.wheat, berim, carrot and orange crops.
By studying the effect of tenure scales on the average variable
costs per feddan and the results obained, the significance differences
exists between the tenure scales (the size of tenure categories) and
the average variable cost per Ieddan is proved at the level of 0.01
for corn, wheat, onion, bersim and orange crops. This means that
there is a significant relation between the variation of tenure scales
and the variation of variable cost per feddan for said crops in contrast
to cotton, and carrot crops. The effect of tenure scales on the average
revenue and the total cost a significant relation is clearly proved
between the size of tenure categoris (tenure size) and the average
revenue, total cost at the significant 0.05 for the corn, wheat and
bersim crops. In the meantime the significant relation between size
of tenure categories and the a>t’erage revenue and total cost for the
cotton, carrot and orange crops Is not proved.
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The significant relation is proved between tenure systems
(for the cotton crop) at significance level of 0.05 in tenure category
(Jess than a feddan).? By studying the effect of tenure systems (within
the farm scales) on the average production.