الفهرس 
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Abstract
This investigation was conducted at ShandaweelAgricultural Research station, Sohag Governorate, Egypt,
during 1981 and 1982 seasons.
The investigation included two studies.
First study : Four field experiments were carried out to study
the effect of intercropping soybean with short and tall
grain sorghum cultivars under three plant population
densities of either sorghum or soybean on the equantiative and qualitative characters of both crops The experimental design was factorial in a randomized complete blocks in four replicates.
Each experiment included 36 treatments drived from a combination of four cropping systems 2 intercropping
patterns (1:1, 2:1 sorghum:soybean) respectively compared with pure stand of each crop at three densities for each
crop. (100,78, and 61% for sorghum and 100, 67, and 50% for soybean).
Each plot had six ridges of 3.5 m long and 60 cmapart in an areB of 12.60 m •
The normal cultural practices for growing each crop
were applied. Soybean was sown two weeks before sorghum planting.
The two associated crops were harvested at the physiological maturity of each.
Results could be summarized as follows:
Effect of intercropping patterns and popUlation densities of sorghum and soybean on growth measurementst
A) Plant height of sorghum. and soybean
_ Any of the applied intercropping patterns produced shorter sorghum plants than the pure stand. However, the magnitude ~aS slightlY greater ~ith tall sorghum as cOlllpared~i th the short type. whereas soybean plant height ~as increased by intercropping
patterns than the pure stand.
Plant height of sorghum was not affected by sorghum population densities, ~hereas, increasing
soybean population densit·ies 01: the intercropped soybean
1 : rom 700 to 140000 plants/1:ad increased the height 01 : either sorghum or Soybean plants signi1:ican
tB) Number of long lasting active leaves ofsorghum per plant
_ Both of the applied intercropping patterns
produced Signi1:icantlY higher.number 01:long lasting
ective leaves/plant compared ~ith the pure stand.
_ As sorghum population densities decreased,
the number 01:long lasting active. leaves 01:either short
or tall sorghum plants ~ere increased. whereas, soybean
population densities increased the number 01:active
l.eaves/short or tal.l.sorghum plant. This increases ~ere
signif1can t ·
The interaction effect of the tntercropping patterns
and sorghum population densities ~as not signi1:ican
tc) Leaf/stem ratio: -,
_ There.as no specifio effect of the leaf / stem ratiO 1:or either short or tall.sorghum at the
varioUS intercropping patterns and sorghum or soybean
population densities.D) Leaf area index (L.A.I.) of sorghum and
soybean _ Pure stand of sorghum produced the lowest L.A.I. than intercropped ones with a significant
differences. whereas, intercropped soybean with either
short or tall sorghum significantly reduced L.A.I. as
compared with the soybean in pure stand.
_ As plant population densities of sorghum and soybean increased L.A.I. of each of the associated crops were increased Significantly.
No significant interaction effect of the various
intercropping patterns and sorghum population densities
on L.A.!. of sorghum, and significant interaction effect of the various intercropping patterns and
soybean population densities on ~.A.I. of soybean. E) Number of branches/soybean plant:
_ Number of branches/soybean plant decreased
significantlY by the various intercropping patterns
intercropped with either short or tall sorghum than the
soybean in its pure stand.
_ The number of branches/soybean plant were increased as the plant population densities of any of the associated crops decreased. The interaction effect
of the intercropping patterns and soybean densities was
significant on number of branches/plant.
Effect of intercropping patterns and different EOEulation densities on yield and yield compo;ents ofsorghum and soybean _ Yield components
_ Sorghum F) Head length and ”,idth
_ Intercropping pattern 1 : 1 produced longer and wider head than 2 : 1 pattern and/or the pure stand
with significant differences ~ith pure stand only. _ As sorghum population densities increased
head length and width were decreased simultaneously.whereas, soybean population densities showed an opposite
results than what waS mentioned with sorghum population
densities. G) Number of grains and grain weight/head. and lOOO-grain weight
Intercropping patterns. significantly increased number of grains and grain ~eight/head, and lOOO-grain
weight as compared with the pure sorghum stand. _ The lighter population densities of short or
tall sorghum and the heaviest soybean population densities produced the highest number of grainS/head,
grain weight/head, and 1000 grains weight significantly.
_ The interaction effect of intercropping patterns
and population densities of sorghum or soybean was
significant.
-Soybean : H) Number of pods and seed weight/plant. an.9 = lOOO-seed weight
Intercropping patterns significantly ecreased
number of pods and seed weight/plant, and lOOO-seed
weight as compared with the pure stand.
_ The l~ghter the population densities of short
or tall sorghum and/or soybean produced the highest
number of pods/plant, seed weight/plant, and 1000-seed
weight of soybean.
The interaction effect of intercropping
patterns and sorghum or soybean papulation densities was
significant.
Yield: I) Biomass yield of sorghum and soybean (on dry:matter basis):
_ Any of the two applied intercropping
patterns produced significantly higher sorghum and
lower soybean biomass dry matter yield than their pure
stands.
_ As the population densities of short or
tall sorghum and/or soybean, increased, the biomass
dry yield of either sorghum or soybean was increased.
The obtained increase in sorghum biomass dry yield
was 22.4 and 39.7% with short and tall sorghum
cultivars, respectively and the biomass dry yield of
soybean was 45.5 and 67.4% when intercropping with
short and tall sorghum by increasing the population
densities from 70000 to 140000 plant/fad_ The interaction effect of the intercropping patterns and sorghum or soybean population densities
was significant. J) Grain yield of sorghum : Intercropping patterns produced significant~Yhigher
grain yie~d of sorghum than its pure stand. Intercropping pattern 1 : 1 produced significantly
higher grain yield than 2 : 1 by 12.3% with short cultivar, whereas, 1:1 pattern produced 23.3% higher
grain yield than the pure stand, corresponding to 9.2
and 19.9%, respectivelY for tall sorghum. As sorghum population densities increased, grain
sorghum yield of either short or tall cultivars was
increased. This increase was 12.6 and 15.0% as the sorghum population density increased from 56000 to 72000
and from 72000 to 92000 plant/fad respectively with short
sorghum, being 17.2 and 10% for tall sorghum. The interaction between intercropping patterns
and short sorghum population densities was not significant
and for tall sorghum was significant on grain yield of
sorghum.
The interaction effect of the intercropping
patterns and soybean population densities was significant
on grain yield of sorghum.
Soybean was more productive in its pure stand than 1:1 intercropping pattern with sorghum which in
turn more productive than 2:1 pattern with a significant
differences in soybean seed yie1d, and more soybean seed Soybean seed yield
productivity was obtained in esse of intercropping with
short rather than the tall cultivars.
There was a continuous and significant increase in soybean seed yield as the soybean population
densities increased from 70000 to 94000, and up to
140000 plant/fad when intercropped with short or tall sorghums- and by increasing the population density from
70000 to 140000 plant/fad Soybean seed yield was increased by 43.) and 42.9% when intercropped with
short and tall sorghum, respectively-
Interaction effect of intercropping patterns and sorghum or soybean population densites waBsignificant
on soybean seed yield.
The highest stover yield was produced by
using 1 : 1 intercropping pattern which was higher than the pure stand by 26.6 and2l.7% with short and tall
sorghum respectively. stover yield of sorghum: - By increasing population density of short sorghum
from 56000 to 92000 plant/fad and the tall sorghum from
44000 to 72000 plant/fad the obtained increase in stover yield was 41.7% and 38.8%, respectively-
It also clear that increasing soybean plant population densities increased stover yield of sorghum
significantly.
The interaction effect between intercropping
patterns and sorghum or soybean population densities
was significant • 0) Crude protein percentage and crude protein yield
of soybean Pure stand of soybean produced significantly
higher cp yield than when intercropped with any the applied cropping patterns.
Crude protein yield was increased in soybean seed significantly as soybean population densities increased from 70000 to 140000 plant/fad.
pl\, 011 percentage and oil yield of soybean Soybean oil yield was significantly increased in
pure stand than when intercropped at any pattern the first pattern 1 : 1 produced higher oil yield than the
second 2 : 1 pattern significantly in association, with
either short or tall sorghum.
Oil yield of soybean was significantly increased as the soybean population density increased either when
the intercropped sorghum was short or tall. Effect of intercropping patterns and different population
densities of sorghum and soybean on the competitive relationships.
R) Land equivalent ratio (LER) of sorghum Vias higher than that of soybean,and intercropping pattern 1:1 had a higher LER than 2:1 pattern when either short or tall
sorghum was associated with soybean.
Land equivalent ratio increased by decreasing sorghum and increasing soybean population densities.
S) Relative crowding coefficient (RCC) increased by
increasing soybean population densities and decreas~ that of sorghum. However the obtained RCC was higher
when using short sorghum than the tall one.T) Aggressivity of sorghum was higher (dominant) than
soybean (dominated) in the two intercropping patterns
and increased by increasing the population densities of
the associated crops sorghum and soybean. The economic return (net income in EgyPtian pounds)
from intercropping patterns and different population
densities of sorghum and soybean:
U) The net income increased by using intercropping pattern 1:1 than 2:1 and by increasing the population
densities of the associated crops sorghum and soybean.
Second study : Four field experiments were carried out to study
the effect of intercropping forage cowpea with short
and tall sorghum cultivars on the quantitative and
qualitative characters of both crops.
Each experiment included five treatments. three
intercropping patterns in alternative ridges of 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1 of sorghum : cowpea respectively and
compared with the pure stand for each crop. The five treatments were layed out in randomized complete
blocks design in four replicates.
Each plot had 12 ridges of 3.5 m long and 60 cm apart in an area of 25.20 m2•
Cowpea was sown two weeks early before sorghum and the normal cultural practices for growing each
crop were applied. Grain sorghum was harvested at physiOlogical
maturity. whereas two cuts .ere taken from forage cowpea.Results could be summarized as follows : Effect of varioUS interaro atterns of fora e cow ea and sorghum on growth measurements of the associated cropS.
sorghum:.A Plant height of either short or tall sorghum was
not significantly affected by any of the applied intercropping
patterns with cowpea.
B Intercropping patterns of sorghum and cowpea produced the highest number of long lasting active
leaves/sorghum plant as compared with sorghum in pure stand.
C Leaf/stem ratio of sorghum plant was higher in
pure stand of sorghum than when intercropped with cowpea
having a significant effect when using short sorghum
cultivar.
D Leaf area index of either short or tall sorghum
culting was significantlY affected by the applied intercropping
patterns with forage cowpea, where 1:1 intercropping
pattern produced the highest L.A.I. as compared
with the other patterns and pure stand as well.
Forage cowpea
E There .as a significant tendency fo the production of shorter cowpea plants as the associated
short arta1l sorghum plantsyincreased in the pattern.
F Number of branches per cowpea plant was significantly
higher in pure stand as compared with the various intercropping patterns when using either short or tall
sorghum cultivar. Higher number of leaves per cowpea plant was
significantly produced from pure stand as compared with the applied intercropping patterns using short or tall sorghum.
H The highest leaf area index was significantly obtained from cowpea in pure stand as compared with the
other applied intercropping patterns.
I _ Fresh and dry weight per cowpea plant were higher in pure stand of cowpea as compared with any of the
applied intercropping patterns using either short or
tall sorghum cultivar. The obtained values were relativelY higher in the first than the second cut.
Effect of various intercro atterns of sor urnnd cowpea on the yield components of sorghum
~ _ Head length of either short or tall sorghum cultivar was increased when using the various intercropping
patterns with forage cowpea as compared with pure stand especiaDywhen using tall sorghum where the
differences were significant.
K _ Head width of short and tall sorghum was increased
significantly by intercropping with forage cowpea as compared with their pure stand. L _ Number of grains/head of sorghum was significantly
increased for short sorghum cultivar by the applied intercropping patterns with forage cowpea as compared
with its pure stand.
M Grain weight/head and IOOO-grain weight of either
short or tall sorghum in pure stand produced signifioantly
lower values of these characters as compared with any of
the applied intercropping patterns.
Effect of various intercropping patterns of sorghum and
cowpea on the actual and adjusted yield of the associated
crops. Sorghum : B Intercropping pattern 1:1 significantly produced
the highest adjusted grain yield of short and tall sorghum as compared with their pure stands.o stover adjusted yield of short and tall sorghum Was
significantly increased when using the applied intercropping
patterns than their pure stands. whereas, intercropping pattern 1:1 produced the highest adjusted
stover yield of sorghum.
p Lowest adjusted biomass dry yield of either short or tall sorghum was obtained from their pure stand
compared with any of the applied intercropping patterns.
Forage cowpea : R _ Pure stand of forage
produced higher fresh and d
and total yield than any of
patterns when using either
owpea significantly
yield of obtained two cuts
the applied intercropping
hort or tall sorghum.
Also, there was a sig
fresh and dry yield of fora
increased in the pattern, r
ficant reduction in thee cowpea as sorghum ratio spectively.The fresh and dry yields of forage cowpea were
higher in the applied intercropping patterns when using short rather than tall sorghum. This increase in fresh
and dry yield was true in the first cut than the second one.Effect of various intercropping patterns of sorghum and
cowpea on crude protein percentage and crude protein yield of the associated crops.Grain sorghum:
S - Higher crude protein yield of grain sorghum was obtained when the short or tall sorghum cultivars
grown in association with forage cowpea as compared with their pure stands, also when using 1:1 intercropping
pattern than either 2:1 or 3:1.
Forage cowpea : T - Pure stand of forage cowpea produced the highest
crude protein yield than when using the applied intercropping patterns. Also intercropping pattern 1:1
produced significantly higher crud protein yield as compared with 2:1 and/or 3:1 pattern.
Effect of various intercropping patterns of sorghum and
cowpea on the competitive relationships:
U - Land eqUivalent ratio (LER) of sorghtUllwas higher
than that of cowpea, and increased by increasing sorghum ratio in the pattern.
v - The relative crowding coefficients for sorghum, cowpea and their mixture were decreased as the sorghum
ratio increased in the pattern from 1:1 to 2:1 and 3:1, respectively.
The highest relative crowding coefficients of both sorghum cultivars were obtained when using 1:1 intercropping pattern.
’W - The aggressivity was increased by increasing tall sorghum ratio in the applied patterns. However, opposite
trend was obtained when short sorghum was used. It was obviously clear that sorghum was the dominant
intercrop component (and cowpea was dominated) over cowpea in all of the applied intercropping patterns.
Effect of various intercroppipg patterns of sorghum and
cowpea on the economic return (net income in Egyptian pounds).
’X- The intercropping pattern 1:1 was the highest in the net income than 2:1 or 3:1 pattern, its mean the
net income was increased by increasing
cowpea ratio in the intercropping pattern. The net income was increased when useding short rather than
tall sorghum in intercropping patterns.