الفهرس 
Anatomy of Urinary BladderOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
Urinary bladder cancer is a common tumor of the urinary tract, accounting for 6-8% of all male malignancies and 2.3% of all female malignancies (Macvicar, 2000). Since detection of a bladder tumor is easily assessed by cystoscopic biopsy, staging of the bladder cancer is the main problem (Lawler LP, 2003).
Accurate pre-operative staging is the most important factor in determining the most appropriate management of bladder cancer as the therapeutic method chosen depends on the stage of the tumor (Barentsz, 1998), as superficial bladder tumors (< T1) can be cured by transurethral resection in most cases, invasive bladder tumors (> T2) require radical cystectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (Hayashi et al., 2000).
Imaging modalities such as CT and US often fail in local tumor staging; CT does not accurately determine the degree of invasion into the bladder wall (Hayashi et al., 2000).
Bladder cancer is generally considered a disease of later life, reaching a peak incidence in the sixth and seventh decades of life, although recent trends have revealed an increasing number of younger patients presenting with the disease (Macvicar, 2000). Bladder cancer is a disease seen predominantly in men. the male to female ratio is approximately 4: 1 (Lawler LP, 2003).
The clinical presentation of bladder cancer is classically with heamaturia (Macvicar, 2000) (EI-Diasty et al.,2003) reported that ,Out of 85 patients included in his study; 37 patients (43.5%) were presented with hematuria which was the commonest, 26 patients (30.6%) with cystitis syndrome, and 22 patients (25.9%) were presented with both hematuria and cystitis syndrome.
The majority of bladder tumors are epithelial in origin; of these about 90% are transitional cell carcinoma, the remainder being squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and mixed tumors (Macvicar, 2000). The urinary bladder is the most common site of transitional cell carcinoma (Wong-You-Cheong et aL, 1998). where shistosomiasis is endemic, there is a high incidence of epithelial tumors, mostly of squamous cell type (Macvicar, 2000).