الفهرس 
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Abstract
Aim of the work
1- To evaluate the degree of sperm DNA fragmentation in –patients undergoing 1CS1 procedure.
2- to determine the effect of sperm DNA fragmentation on fertilization rate, embryo cleavage rate, embryo grading and biochemical pregnancy rate after 1CS1.
3-to determine the effect of smoking on sperm DNA fragmenntation.
In the present study, fifty couples undergoing 1CS1 procedure due to male factor infertility as diagnosed according to (WHO,1999) Criteria were recruited from Galaa Assisted Reproduction Unit (GARU).Both routine semen analysis and sperm preparation for 1CS1procedure was preformed with the use of standard techniques.ln the remaining prepared sperm after 1CS1,DNA fragmentation was measured with TUNEL assay.
In the present study, there were important correlation s between sperm quality as assessed by conventional semen parameters ( concentration ,motility, and morphology) and sperm DNA fragmentation assessed by TUNEL.
In conclusion, detection of DNA fragmentation in human sperm could provide additional information about the biochemical integrity of sperm and may be used in future studies for fertilization failures, which could not be explained by conventional sperm parameters. Therefore, it has recommended that along with the classical semen parameters, the assessment of sperm DNA integrity could improve the characterization of the semen sample.
In addition, by learning more about the fundamental mechanisms that cause sperm DNA fragmentation, it should be possible to develop more precise tests to diagnose defects and then to develop new therapeutic treatments designed to overcome the specific defect.