الفهرس 
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Abstract
Malolactic fermentation (MLF) is a secondary metabolic process that many lactic acid bacteria can carry out l-malate is present in the medium. It involves the decarboxylation of malic acid (a dicarboxylic acid) resulting in lactic acid (a monocarboxylic acid). This phenomenon is frequently applied to decrease the undesired final acidity that may be developed in some food, beverages, and wine industries. Among those microbes able to carry out this process is the experimental bacterium O. oeni. Till now, only three genes were known to be involved in MLFin this bacterium. These genes are known as: mleA, mleR. No genetic systems have been developed yet to target any of these three or other locations in O. oeni.