الفهرس 
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Abstract
Within the past few decades, the levels of certain classes of marine pollutants, such as transition metals (e.g. Fe and Cu), have been increased in the marine environment to a large extent. This matter raised particular concerns about the toxic effects of such metals and the potential for their bioaccumulation in biota. Progress toward assessing the impacts of such contaminants in the marine environment requires a more complete understanding of their interactions with biological systems. Such an underatanding must occur at the levels of cellular and subcellular mechanisms.