الفهرس 
INTRODUCTIONOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
 |  | from | 107 |  |  |
| | | from | 107 | | |
Abstract
This study was carried out during 2002-2003 and2003-2004 seasons on head trained Red Roomy grapevines grown in a private vineyard located at Tokh El-Khil village in Minia Governorate.
The selected grapevines are grown in a clay loam soil, planted at 2 × 2 meters apart and irrigated with surface irrigation system. Vine load was adjusted to be 72 buds/vine for all the undertaken vines.
This investigation aimed to throw some light on the effect of various mineral and biofertilizer ratios, three biofertilizers namely Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene and three antioxidants i.e. citric acid, benzoic acid and vitamin B complex on growth, vine nutritional status, yield, shot and cracked percentages, berries as well as physical and chemical characters of Red Roomy grapes.
The experiment included two factors; the first factor involved the following seven treatments from mineral and biofertilizers ratios:
1. Application of the recommended rate of N (100 g N/vine) (R.R.) completely via mineral source.
2. Application of 80% of R.R. of N via mineral source + 40 g Biogen/vine.
3. Application of 60% of R.R. of N via mineral source + 60 g Biogen/vine.
4. Application of 80% of R.R. of N via mineral source + 40 g Nitrobeine/vine.
5. Application of 60% of R.R. of N via mineral source + 60 g Nitrobeine/vine.
6. Application of 80% of R.R. of N via mineral source + 40 g Microbiene/vine.
7. Application of 60% of R.R. of N via mineral source + 60 g Microbiene/vine.
The second factor comprised from the following seven treatments of the three antioxidants:
1. Untreated vines (0.0 ppm antioxidants).
2. Spraying Citric acid at 250 ppm.
3. Spraying Citric acid at 500 ppm.
4. Spraying Benzoic acid at 250 ppm.
5. Spraying Benzoic acid at 500 ppm.
6. Spraying vitamin B complex at 25 ppm.
7. Spraying vitamin B complex at 50 ppm.
Therefore, this experiment included forty-nine treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times, one vine per each.
Statistical analysis was carried out according to complete randomized block design in split plot arrangement, where the seven biofertilization and seven antioxidant treatments occupied the main and sub plots, respectively. The three biofertilizers i.e., Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene were added once at growth start in both seasons by mixing with moist soil and added in soil holes around the trunk of each vine and were directly irrigated after covering with soil. Mineral fertilizer was added at three equal batches. The three antioxidants namely citric acid, Benzoic acid and vitamin B complex (B1 + B2 + B3) were sprayed three times at growth start, just after berry setting and at 30 days later.
At the end of each season, the following parameters were measured:
1. Vegetative growth parameters, namely, leaf area (cm2) and weight of pruning (Kg).
2. Percentages of N, P, and K in the leaves.
3. Percentage of berry set.
4. Yield expressed in weight (Kg) and number of clusters/vine.
5. Averages cluster weight and dimensions (length and width).
6. Percentages of shot and cracked berries.
7. Weight of 100 berries (g) as well as berry dimensions (longitudinal and equatorial (cm)).
8. Percentages of total soluble solids, total sugars and total acidity.
9. Total soluble solids/acid.
The nearly same data obtained in both seasons could be summarised under the following main items:
1. Leaf area and pruning weight:
They were positively affected by using the recommended rate of N namely 100 g/vine (RR) via mineral source at 60-80 % plus biofertilizers (Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene) each at 40 to 60 g /vine rather than using N completely via mineral N source. Biogen was preferable than the other biofertilizers in this concentration. The stimulation was associated with increasing the rate of biofertilizers from 40 to 60 g/vine and decreasing the percentages of mineral form from 80 to 60 % of the R.R. of N. Using 60% of the R.R. of N via mineral source along with 60 g Biogen/vine recorded the maximum values. Unbiofertilization gave the minimum values.
Spraying citric acid and benzoic acid at 250 to 500 ppm as well as vitamin B complex at 25 to 50 ppm was followed by great enhancement in the leaf area and pruning weight compared to the control treatment. Spraying citric acid was superior to the other two antioxidants in this concentration.
A slight promotion on such growth characters was detected among the two concentrations of each antioxidant. Spraying citric acid at 500 ppm and untreating the vines gave the maximum and minimum values, respectively.
The highest values were recorded on vines fertilized with 60% of the RR of N via mineral source + 60 g Biogen/vine + spraying the vines with 500 ppm citric acid.
2. Percentages of N, P and K in the leaves:
Percentages of N, P and K in the leaves were greatly enhanced in response to application of the R.R. of N through 60 to 80 % via mineral source + 40 to 60 g biofertilizer/vine rather than the application of N completely via mineral N source. Application of Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene in descending order maximized these nutrients. The highest values were detected on vines supplied with 60% of the R.R. of N via mineral source + 60 g Biogen/vine. The lowest values were recorded on unbiofertilized vines.
A remarkable stimulation on these essential nutrients was obtained on vines sprayed with citric acid, benzoic acid and vitamin B complex in descending order compared to non-application. Application of citric acid at 500 ppm resulted in the maximum values. Untreating the vines gave the lowest values.
The maximum values were detected on vines supplied with N as 60% via mineral source + 60 g Biogen/vine + 500 ppm citric acid.
3. Berry set %, yield as well as cluster weight and dimensions:
They were considerably improved as a result of using N in both mineral and biofertilizer forms rather than fertilizing with N completely via mineral source. They were maximized in vines biofertilized with Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene in descending order. The promotion on berry set %, yield as well as weight and dimensions of cluster was associated with increasing the levels of each biofertilizer and decreasing the percentage of mineral N source. The maximum values were recorded on vines received 60% of N via mineral source + 60 g Biogen/vine. Application of N completely via mineral source produced the minimum values.
Berry set %, yield as well as weight and dimensions of cluster were positively affected by spraying the three antioxidants rather than unspraying. They were maximized in vines treated citric acid at 250 to 500 ppm, benzoic acid at 250 to 500 ppm and vitamin B complex at 25 to 50 ppm, in descending order. Meaningless increase was recorded among the studies two concentrations. The maximum values without significant increment with spraying at 250 ppm. The lowest values were registered on vines untreated with these antioxidants.
An economical yield was obtained on vines fertilized by using N at 100 g/vine through 60% mineral source + 60 g Biogen/vine as well as application of citric acid at 500 ppm. Unbiofertilization and untreating with these antioxidants gave unacceptable result.
4. Percentages of shot and cracked berries:
An obvious reduction on both shot and cracked berries was observed in response to application of the R.R. of N through mineral source and biofertilizer rather than using N completely via mineral source. A striking reduction was recorded as a result of employing Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene in descending order. The great reduction on such unfavorable phenomena was obtained due to fertilizing the vines with 60% of the R.R. of N via mineral source plus 60 g Biogen/vine. Unbiofertilization gave the maximum values.
Foliar application of the three antioxidants was beneficial in controlling both shot and cracked berries compared to the check treatment. The reduction was associated with application of citric acid, benzoic acid and vitamin B complex in descending order. Clusters from vines sprayed with 500 ppm citric acid had the lowest values, while untreating the vines with these antioxidants effectively gave the maximum values.
Biofertilization by using 60 g Biogen/vine along with using the RR of N as 60% of the recommended rate via mineral source and application of 250 ppm citric acid gave the minimum values. The highest values were detected on vines untreated with biofertilizers and antioxidants.
5. Quality of the berries:
Biofertilization with Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene caused a promising promotion of quality of the berries in terms of increasing berry weight and dimensions, total soluble solids, TSS/acidity and total sugars% and decreasing total acidity % compared to unbiofertilization. Combined application of N via mineral and biofertilizer sources surpassed the application of N completely via mineral source in improving quality of the berries. The promotion was associated with increasing the applied rate of biofertilizers. The superiority of these biofertilizers on enhancing quality of the berries could be arranged descendingly as follows: Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene. The promising treatment was supplying the vines their requirements from N as 60% via mineral source plus 60 g Biogen/vine. Unbiofertilizer (i.e., using 100% of R.R. of N via mineral source) showed adverse effects on physical and chemical characters of the berries.
An outstanding promotion on physical and chemical parameters of the berries was detected due to using the three antioxidants rather than untreating. The promotion was attributed to using citric acid, Benzoic acid and vitamins B complex in descending order. Varying concentrations of each antioxidant had a slight promotion on such quality parameters. Using citric acid at 250 ppm gave the best results with regard to quality parameters. Untreating with these antioxidants gave unsatisfactory promotion on such parameters of quality.
The best results with regard to physical and chemical characters of the berries were detected owing to fertilizing the vines with 100 g N/vine in the form mineral source at 60 % + 60 g Biogen/vine and application of citric acid at 250 ppm.
Conclusion
from the results of this study the following points were arised:
1. The necessity of using biofertilizers and antioxidants as a partial substitute for mineral fertilizers and synthetic auxins for protecting our environment from pollution.
2. The beneficial effects of using 60-80% of the recommended rate of N (100 g N/vine) via mineral source plus 40-60 g biofertilizer/vine.
3. Application of the biofertilizers namely Biogen, Nitrobeine and Microbiene in descending order was favourable for enhancing fruiting of Red Roomy grapevines.
4. In ascending order, spraying vitamin B complex, Benzoic acid and citric acid gave satisfactory promotion on yield and quality of Red Roomy grapevines.
5. In most cases, the differences the lowest and highest levels of each antioxidant on the studied parameters were slight.
6. Fertilizing Red Roomy grapevines with N at 100 g /vine as 60% from mineral source (292 g ammonium sulphate) plus 60 g Biogen/vine in addition to spraying citric acid at 250 ppm proved to be very effective in improving growth, vine nutritional status, yield and fruit quality of Red Roomy grapes. Such striking treatment caused a promising control for both unfavourable phenomena in clusters namely shot and cracked berries.