الفهرس 
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Abstract
Portal hypertension and bleeding oesophageal varices present one of the serious problems in surgery and in our community.
The importance of the bleeding comes from that it is so sever that end in shock and death , patients surviving a first episode of variceal bleeding have a very high risk of rebleeding and death.Median rebleeding incidence w2ithin 1-2 years in untreated controls of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of non-surgical treatment for prevention of recurrent bleedeing trported after 1981 was 63% with corresponding mortality figure is 33% for prevention of rebbding independently of other risk indicators .
Riski indicators of rebleeding and death were variceal size , child-pugh class, continued alcohol abuse and hepatocellular carcinoma.