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Abstract
Fresh water is the essence of life; nature resources can not satisfy the growing demand for low salinity water, so shortage has become a vital issue especially in and and semi and countries. This has forced the research on desalination techniques such as reverse osmosis as a feasible process to solve the shortage of water resources. The present work focused on the experimental investigation of the effect of pressure, temperature, total dissolved solids (TDS), Hydrogen power (pH), on the performance of reverse osmosis membranes in order to improve the process. The study covered a wide range of the variable parameters where the pressure changed from 7 to 11.5 bar, temperature from 23 to 44 °C, hydrogen ions pH values from 4 to 11, and TDS from 300 to 4000 ppm. The results were presented graphically to show the effect of the input parameters on recovery ratio, salt passage, and salt rejection, permeate and brine flow rates and other characteristics. The results showed that increasing the feed water pressure increases the permeate flow rate and decreases its salinity. However, increasing the feed temperature increases the permeate flow rate but increases its salinity. Also, increasing the feed salinity decreases the permeate flow rate. Operation in acidic zone is better for the membrane since it reduces scale formation. Results also showed that membrane fouling was accumulated after operation for 6 months which reduced the permeate flow rate and chemical cleaning was used.