الفهرس 
Chapter 1: IntroductionOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
In conclusion:
1- TMA can be considered a reliable method for cases studies and more than three cores are required for better representation of primary tumours and nodal metastases.
2- HNSCCs are heterogenous tumours regarding their molecular profiles.
3- EGFR signalling pathway is a complex pathway regarding its activation.
4- The appropriate cut-off value in the case of squamous cell carcinomas will depend on the balance between the benefits and complications associated with different treatment approaches.
5- Overexpression of EGFR was prominent in most tumours but it did not appear to have any prognostic value.
6- Immunohistochemical analysis of cyclin D1 protein seems to have a potential prognostic value in patients with HNSCC.
7- Tumour biomarker expression by immunohistochemistry in primary carcinomas may not reflect expression in metastases and therefore, inadequacy of deciding their targeted therapy depending alone on their expression in primary tumours.
8- Amplification of EGFR and Her-2 genes are relatively rare events in HNSCC and FISH analysis of EGFR and HER-2 does not provide additional prognostic value in primary carcinomas.
9- Cyclin D1 amplification predispose to tumour progression and poor prognosis and it seems to be an important target during HNSCC carcinogenesis, therefore, it should be considered in the determination of further targeted therapeutic strategies.