الفهرس 
acknowledgmentOnly 14 pages are availabe for public view
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Abstract
The social definition of disability and functionallimit8tions originates from the social structure IIJd the type of economy in every society, here the variations in definitions. It influences the decision makitlg and the type of environmental intervention~ including design related interventions for people with functional limitations_
In the indmtrialiml- wood~ the definition of fulK: tiQtlallimitation~ as pm; eived- through the current diieip1ines. Of mterveotioM; ill- categorized under two main social oont~t51- that have deterrent, not to say totally contrasting value systems; the first social context is derived from the ”managing diaob-iliiy notion-” and the seoond social oontext is. Founded the ~~equal rights notion”.
The ”mortgage disability notion” justifies all disciplines and practices relate«- to people with fimdiooa11imitatioM (i.e., people with di5l8bilitiei) in Welfare Stately- include the Scandiftavian ~ and the Great- Bri~ the ”managing disability notion” represents a mixture of three traditional concepts. Of service delivery for people with disabilities. the ”medieval notion”, the ”charity notion” ~ the ”dependency notion”. Although the three notions share common ideas, the medMW notion remains ~~ domiBaDi Ode O-~ pro~ ~’” As for- the notion of the ”equal rights”, it has managed the practice and research related to people with functional limitation m Nortel America-~ the. Sixties, e~a1ly those related to environmental interventions... The ”equal rights” notion-constitutes a refutatioll from the traditional value system related to people with funct.ionallimitations.
As for the definition of function«l fumigation in environmental beh3viOf E6 researcl4 the research adeptly- a tnmiBdirmal viewpoint of eoviromnent-bebavior re1ationahi~ ac; eQfding to which. The environment and the individuals.’ attributes display reciprocal interdependence and which requires making ”the individual in the envif’OfllMnt” though unit o-f analyzes of though cnvironmcntalpcrformancc.
The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) are the most inclusive transactional model since it provides significant variables of environment-behavior ttansaetiOfi$. Individual’s indoor and outdoor environments’ design features ate explicitly mentioned as having a detect impact on the on human activities in public and private settings...
A thorough reading of transactional theories of person. • environment relationships provides us. With 2 main oboists-: the ”situation of handicap” and the ”adoptive behavior”. The first concept. Calls attention to the en-vironmenta1 obstacles that. - When- meeting... personal competences...engendeF handieapping situations, heftce, the im~ of interventions on physiQl and/or social environment. The concept of ”adaptive behavior” is closely allied to that of the ”.r.ituauon ojhondicap”, ~ to this ~, inn’s between envirtmme»ta1 press or demands• and ~ competences generate varying level of adaptive andma1adaptive behaviors. The ideal. State resulting. from a- pressloompetence interaction is that()f the ”adaptatioIlleve1” r It influences not only the functional abilities. Fusers but al80 the psychological! Tate of these users. Thus, in order to overcome: fuootionallimitations due to individual impairments, interventions on the environmental attributes are an inevitability to attain the adaptation level.
The concept of ”colugo” is another itllPOrtatlt factor [0 collide. Colugo over one’s surrounding social and physical environmental> el>s-entail to overcome the personal limitations’ psychic-
I physiological outcomes. Thus, environmental interventions enhance this notion through personal nor:manzatioo and elimination the physical barriers-.
Environment is defined as a set of three sub-divisions that act upon. Individuals and groups as one package’, the physical (objects, O1’gani 7, ation, senses), the social (social structure, place. identity, legibility, behavior, control. location) and. the cultural environment (world culture. societal ethnical culture, personal culture).
There is a Protective Ielationibjp between Lq«ividual and- ms environment ttmt has a great impact on one’s behavior. Individuals have an imprecise influence on their surrounding environment and vice versa... This interactive influence is most1¥ mediated through-ph¥sica1
Elemis that, in turn, oontml ~s social behavior and ~~ (~ belie&, feelings, attitudes, judgments and values).
Accordingly, environmental barriers are defined as literal (physical) barriers and figurative (social) barriers. These barriers are considered as excessive environmental demands that act negatively upon the Social and the physical integration of people with less functional abilities.
According to the aforemwriomld tnmsacrkmal per~. Two rypes. Of itlt¥rv@OOAs.can be indemnify~ in order to attain the adoption behavior: (1) per~nal interY@t!onsand (2) pp-ysical and social interventions... The preset: research. Focuses. Exclusively on physical and social
Interventions with a particular stress on the physical environment.
Envir01Ifi1etIfal mWtvetltioms Colitis on: elim: in: atilIg physi~a1 and so~ia1 barriers. ACCOtdirfgly•we stress on two relevant concepts distinguishing interwntions on the physical en-viromnent: The
Tltst oon: C”epr ig that AF the ”aC”C”egsdbiUty” that early focuses an: envima: ttt~l ittt~~atl’S for the severely disabled populations. As for the second notion, the ”adaptability”, it aims to modify the environmental while taking into consideration the dynamic nature of person environment Nlationibip. The impact of theieintmrentioni on glQ”Pi and-individual are both ~nal and the psyclw-sooiologiQl.
The Universal Design is ~in the last dec3de as a literal arclLitecM; al intention of tile b’. ~ Relationship ~ the design attributes QF the envil’omneM and the pel’sonal characteristic and functional abilities. Of its. LlSel$... It implies. A reliable and valid analysis of these PE transactions-. It involves wide areas- of expertise, and interests groups (i.e.
Tnmsportati~ demographic ~ sociology ~ psychology ~ human factors, ctc.). This multidisciplinary approve is eruclal to ereate- 3 uniVCfMlly de8igned environment.
There has been a worldwide consensm. On seven principles that underlie the desi$ of divinely u! I8b1e environment. 1- Equitable Ulle; 2- Flexibility in Ulle; 3- Simp1~ and Intuitive U~ 4- perceptible Information.;. 5- Tolerance for error; - 6- Low Pb¥sica1 Effort; 7- Size and Spaco.for Approach and UIlO. To ~thi8 new ~ research hM ~oot
Only on the physical disability but also on the social impact of the built environment. HowcvCf few t} f titem addressed-the implemeniaboo t} f the universal design» inID pmetice... A major reason
Is because the principles of this prommeqt approach a still not opemtiQnally defut.edand translated into radicals guidelines.
In the industrialized- world.: two dominant environmental approaches can be identified; the mKfo-enviromnental appoam whidl advocates design strategi8 to ~ usability by aU type of users including people with functional abilities (universal design) andmicroolBVironmental approval whidl promotes specific£. Design interventitms parallel to formal design features to Chance accessibility fur people with. Disabilities. These approaches arc inspired from dle dominant social and cultural V3lue8. In tho industrialized eoontrie8. And influence- the decision”1n8king of environmental problem solving.
I.... Analytical research suggests that the ideal architectural conception should combine universal J and special architectural interventions. This interactive perception should be based on the
~ ~o-envitofittietital approach and be conditioned by the priority of universal provisions.
~. However. Special interventions constitute an acceptable alternative solution when facing
~ Budgetary and techtlicalty OOnSti’atllt, especially in case oftUodificiltion. Nevertheless, special
[Arc: bit~’tll’ral provisions, integrated in the context offtUI (...”W-en.vir~ a’fJFOab’h, com1i: ture
I~............... an acceptable solution when universal standards are unable to fulfill the special needs of the
•• gevere case of disability and when facing budgetary and t=bnical con: str.:&itItss especially in case
Of modification.
The developing: countries generally adopt a standpoint that is completely different from the industrialized countries add that neglect the social add physical! Integration of people with disabilities and the impact of the environmental interventions to enhance this. Integration... The dominant social. Cultural, economic and political factors in these~ regions generate~ this standpoint.
F
In the current study, we will draw attention at the 2 main groups of people with functional limitations in Egypt, the elderly population and the people with disabilities. There is no accurate statistics related to the real number for people with disabilities in Egypt. However, research identifies a percentage of 10% to 15% of the total population of the developing countries who suffers from a certain type of disability whether it is physical, sensorial, mental and communicative. The elderly population in Egypt represents a percentage of SS .75% of the total POPUla.tiOtl. This figure will it\crease to IL percentage of 11 % (10 million inhilbitatlts) in 2026 with II life expeGtancythat will reach 8<T y~ old.
There are no comprehensive studies concerning the environmental interventions and services delivery of people with functional limitations in Egypt. Besides, the results of an international inquiry submitted to the United Nations by the Egyptian Government and the WFD- Egypt regarding the governmental compliance. With UN Standard Rules to Legislation (Rule 15), Accessibility (Rule 5). Organizations ofPersoos with Disabilities (Rule 18) and Co-ordination afWork (Rule 17) were totally different and sometimes contradictory .