الفهرس 
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Abstract
It is estimated that 45 million people suffer from schizophrenia around the world; it is among the top ten leading causes of disability. No population is free of schizophrenia. By 2050, this number will have grown to approximately 71 million people. Mental illnesses contribute more to the global burden of disease than all cancers combined.
The antipsychotics are a chemically diverse group of heterocyclic compounds, which ameliorate many symptoms of schizophrenia. Haloperiodol is a butyrophenone neuroleptic used for the treatment of psychosis such as schizophrenia and others. Treatment with haloperidol is associated with a high incidence of extrapyramidal effects and changes in liver function. Haloperidol differed clearly from the other neuroleptic agents in terms of both the broader spectrum of hepatic enzymes increase and the more frequent combination of ALT with ALP and GGT increase.
EPS associated with antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol) include acute dystonias, pseudoparkinsonism, and akathisia. Antipsychotics (e.g. haloperidol)-induced pseudoparkinsonism has the same clinical appearance as idiopathic parkinsonism. Their symptoms are generally appearing within the first three months. Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome comprised of four cardinal features brady kinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and abnormalities of posture and gait.
Benzhexol hydrochloride (parkinol) and biperiden hydrochloride (Akineton) are anticholinergic drugs which used for the treatment of extrapyramidal side effects induced by anti psychotics. Most anticholinergic drugs are liable to abuse by schizophrenic patients and benzhexol hydrochloride is the most one.
Acetylcholine (Ach) has an important function in the cholinergic system where it acts as a transmitter of impulses on the cholinergic synapses. Cholinesterase, which is an enzyme, breaks acetylcholine down into choline and acetate. There is evidence that antipsychotics influence central cholinergic activity either directly by their anticholinergic activity, or indirectly by altering the dopaminergic-cholingeric balance.
The aim of this work is to study the effect of anticholinergic parkinol (benzhexol hydrochloride) and akineton (biperiden hydrochloride) on erythrocyte cholinesterase activity and serum activities of gamma- glutamyl transferase, alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase in schizophrenic patients treated with haloperidol, and also studing the effect of the previous mentioned two anticholinergics on both the cognitive function and psychiatric symptoms in such patients.
The study was carried out on 30 male schizophrenic patients who were divided into two main groups (group 1 and group 2) each of 15 patients of comparable age. Group (1) was noted (group Ia, group Ib, and group Ic) and group (2) was noted (group 2a, group 2b, ~d group 2c). Groups (Ia) and (2a) were pretretment groups, groups (Ib) and (2b) were treated with either (haloperidol + benzhexol hydrochloride) or (haloperidol + biperiden hydrochloride), respectively. Both groups (Ic) and (2c) were treated with haloperidol only.