الفهرس 
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Abstract
Since the late Seventies, ureteroscopy has gained a wide field of application. The indications of ureteroscopy fall under two main categories, either diagnostic or therapeutic. Retrieval of ureteral calculi represents the most frequent application of ureteroscopy as it offers many advantages that makes it highly superior in comparison to open surgery. The critical step in the ureteroscopic procedure is adequate dilation of the ureteral orifice and the intramural ureter to allow easy and safe passage of the ureteroscope. There are several techniques for dilation of this narrow part of the ureters. Dilation can be carried out either mechanically using metal olive tip dilators, Teflon dilators, balloon dilators or hydraulically using the Uromat or Zahran’s technique. Each technique has its merits and disadvantages. The choice among these different methods of dilation of the ureter has not been settled yet. As a contribution for a rational choice this study was conducted.