الفهرس 
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Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effects of sildenafil on liver and kidney functions of mature female rats, folliculogenesis of ovaries of immature female rats and vascularization of endometrium and steroidogenesis in mature rats at different stages of pregnancy. Therefore, 40 mature (group I) and 20 immature (group II) female albino were used for running of the experiment 1 and the experiment 2 respectively.
In the experiment 1, vaginal smear examination revealed that only 10 female rats were non pregnant and this named Group IA. This group (Group IA) was subdivided into 2 subgroups (5 rats each) named as Group IA (1) and Group IA (2). Group IA m treated with sildenafll 10mg/kg B.wt. given by stomach tube for 3 successive days. Group I A2 treated with saline (0.5 ml) orally and acted as control. The other 30 rats were preant and subdivided into 3 groups (10 rats each) namely, group lB which was early pregnant 8 day), group IC which was mid-pregnant (14th day) and group ID which was late pregnant (18 day). Also each of the last 3 groups was subdivided into 2 subgroups (a total of 6 subgroup; 5 rats each). Thr subgroups (group IB, group IC(I) and group ID(l)) treated with sildenafil 10mg/kg B.wt. orally, for 3 successive days before the expected day of killing (8, 14 and 18 days) and the remaining three subgroups (group IB(2), group IC(2) group ID(2)) were treated with saline (0.5 ml) for the same period.
At the end of the experimental periods (at the days 8, 14 & 18) animals were lightly anesthetized by ether and two blood samples were collected by puncture of the suborbital plexus in the medial canthus of the eye. The first blood sample (1 ml blood each; n = 40) were collected without anticoagulant in clean dry tubes and were left in slope position to clot at room temperature. The tubes were centrifuged at 3000 r.p.m. for 10 minutes and clean serum samples were carefully separated then transferred into clean dry vial and kept frozen at -20C° until used for biochemical analysis of serum total proteins, serum albumin, serum globulin, serum aminotransferase, serum urea, serum uric acid, serum creatinine, alkaline phosphatase, cholesterol, triglycerides, estrogen and progesterone. The second sample (imI blood each; n = 40) was collected on EDTA for haematological studies as colorimetric determination of hemoglobin, red blood cell (RBC) count, total leukocytic count and differential leukocytic count. Afterwards, all animals were killed and kidney, liver, uterus and ovary samples were dissected out and processed for histopathological sectioning. in the experiment 2, the group U which consisted of 20 immature female rats was used. This group was further divided into 4 subgroups (5 rats each) namely group ha, group Jib, group lic and group lid, in the group ila, rats were injected intraperitoneally (I.P) with 5 l.U. of FSH (fostimon) followed by an I.P injection of 5 lU. of LH (Pregnil) after 48 hours to induce super ovulation. in the group IIb, rats were treated as group ha in addition to administration of sildenafil citrate (10mg/kg B.wt.) one dose for one day orally by stomach tube. In the group llc, rats were treated only with sildenafil citrate (10 mg/kg B.wt.) one dose for one day oFally. in the group lid, rats were injected with a single 1.P. dose of 0.5 ml saline (control group).
The obtained results summarized as fellow:
1- Sildenafil increased the serum total proteins after treatment at mid and late stage of pregnancy
2- Sildenafil increased serum albumin after treatment at early and mid stage of pregnancy and decreased it in female pregnant rats at late stages of pregnancy
3- Sildenafil increased serum globulin after treatment at late stage of pregnancy
4- Sildenafil increased AST only after treatment at late stages of pregnancy.
5- Sildenafil increased ALT only after treatment at early stages of pregnancy.
6- Sildenafil caused no changes in serum alkaline phosphatase in all sildenafil treated groups.
7- Sildenafil increased serum urea in sildenafil treated non pregnant female rats and decreased serum urea in females at early and late stages of pregnancy.